Maktabgacha ta’lim tashkilotlarida TRIZ usullaridan foydalanish

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tashkilotlarida TRIZ usullaridan foydalanishning ahamiyatli tomonlari, texnologiyaning amaliyotda qo‘llanilishi, TRIZ amaliyotidagi muammolar va ularning echimlari, aqliy hujum usuli, bu usulning ta‘limdagi samaradorligi, ixtirochilik, g‘oyalar topish, bolaning ijodiy qobiliyatini rivojlantirish, ijodkorlikka o‘rgatishda TRIZ texnologiyasining o‘rni haqida umumiy ma’lumot berilgan

Results of Coronary Artery Stenting in Elderly People with Chronic Heart Failure

Coronary artery disease (CHD) is widespread among patients with heart failure (HF) and accounts for almost two-thirds of cases. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with CAD has increased markedly, and numerous observational studies have suggested that it is associated with improved patient outcomes (Puja B. Parikh, MD, MPH, Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH et al, 2021). There are no randomized data comparing the impact of PCI on clinical outcomes and myocardial deremodeling in patients with coronary artery disease with coronary artery stenting or modern drug therapy aimed at compliance. There is evidence of the effect of PCI in acute MI (with and without acute coronary syndrome), chronic CAD with reduced ejection fraction, and MI with preserved ejection fraction. Randomized clinical trials with sufficient confirmation are needed to study the outcomes of PCI in these various populations of patients with coronary artery disease. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:2432-47) © 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation

Влияние экономических ожиданий на финансовое поведение российского населения

The authors on the basis of official statistical data and results of own sociological research analyze the impact of economic expectations on the formation of models of financial behavior of the Russian population. Current crisis makes analysis of factors and types of savings strategies (as the most common type of financial behavior in our country) particularly important. There is a hypothesis that savings give people confidence in their future amid economic turmoil, therefore, it should guarantee a certain measure of social stability. Savings in the form of bank deposits ensure the stability not only of the banking and financial systems, but ultimately of the country as a whole, affecting employment and incomes. This article discusses the transformation of savings strategies, including the appropriateness, form, norm and currency savings. The authors demonstrate how economic situation effects financial position of households and motivates their financial behavior in the face of negative expectations. Comparison of views on the current economic situation of the country and projections of the (near) future of highest income segment of the population and total population of Russia revealed perception similarities when it comes to feasibility of savings and general confidence in the banking system. The authors came to the conclusion that the so-called savings behavior dominates all the other types of financial preferences in our country. General decline in living standards observed in 2014-2015 and differentiation in income levels across regions and social layers prove to be the main factors influencing the formation of risk-free financial strategies.Авторы на основе официальных статистических данных и результатов собственного социологического исследования анализируют влияние экономических ожиданий населения на формирование особенностей финансового поведения россиян. В современных кризисных условиях весьма актуальным представляется анализ факторов и типов сберегательных стратегий как самого распространенного вида финансового поведения населения в нашей стране. С помощью статистического инструментария приведена доказательная база, подтверждающая гипотезу о том, что на фоне экономических неурядиц сбережения придают населению уверенность в завтрашнем дне, а значит, должны гарантировать определенную меру социальной стабильности. Сбережения населения, будучи организованы в банковские депозиты, способствуют также стабильности в банковско-финансовой сфере, а в конечном итоге и в экономике в целом, существенно влияя на уровень занятости и доходов граждан. В статье рассмотрена трансформация сберегательных стратегий, включающих в себя целесообразность, формы, норму и валюту сбережений. Показано влияние сложившейся экономической ситуации в стране на материальное положение домашних хозяйств и мотивы их финансового поведения на фоне негативных ожиданий. Сравнение мнений о современном экономическом положении страны и прогнозов на ближайшие годы у представителей высокодоходных слоев и всего населения выявило сходство в представлениях россиян о целесообразности накоплений и доверии к банковской системе. Авторы пришли к выводу о преобладании так называемого сберегательного поведения как одного из главных видов финансового предпочтения среди российского населения. Общее снижение уровня жизни в 2014-2015 гг. и усиление дифференциации в уровне доходов по регионам и социальным слоям - основные факторы, повлиявшие на формирование безрисковых финансовых стратегий

Кредитное поведение населения: тенденции и риски

The article deals with current issues related to modern processes of lending to the population in Russia. The article aims to identify possible risks and consequences of over-lending to individuals based on the analysis of statistical data. Research objectives include analysing data dynamics of volume of the issued housing loans for the past 13 years, including mortgage loans; tracing the dynamics of household debt (total and for this type of lending) in rubles and foreign currency in macro-regions (Federal districts) of the Russian Federation; and describing the features and trends of car loans in our country. Results of the study revealed an uneven increase in the amount of debt on loans of the population living in different macro-regions of Russia. The authors concluded that the share of personal debt to credit institutions on mortgages «inside» of housing loan debt from 2006 to 2018 has more than tripled. In general, reasons for changes in the credit behaviour of Russians lie in lowered interest rates and the fear of their future growth, chances of refinancing previously taken loans, concerns about rising inflation, pent-up demand for housing and durable goods. A further increase in the growth of consumer loans and the volume of public debt on them may lead to the overheating of the credit market.В статье затрагиваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с современными процессами кредитования населения в России. Цель статьи на основе анализа статистических данных выявить возможные риски и последствия закредитованности физических лиц. Задачи исследования: проанализировать динамику рассматриваемых процессов за последние почти полтора десятилетия в сфере жилищного кредитования, в том числе по ипотечным кредитам, изучить динамику задолженности населения (всего и по данному виду кредитования) в рублях и иностранной валюте в разрезе макрорегионов (федеральных округов) Российской Федерации; а также охарактеризовать особенности и тенденции автокредитования в нашей стране. По результатам исследования выявлен неравномерный рост величины задолженности по кредитам населения, проживающего в разных макрорегионах России. Авторами сделан вывод о том, что доля задолженности физических лиц перед кредитными организациями по ипотеке «внутри» задолженности по жилищным кредитам за рассматриваемый период времени выросла более, чем в три раза. В целом причины изменения кредитного поведения россиян кроются в снижении кредитных ставок и боязни их роста в перспективе, появлении возможности рефинансирования взятых ранее кредитов, беспокойство по поводу роста инфляции, наличие отложенного спроса на приобретение жилья и товаров длительного пользования. По мнению авторов, дальнейшее увеличение роста потребительских кредитов и объемов задолженности населения по ним, по мнению авторов, может привести к перегреву кредитного рынка

КРЕДИТНЫЕ СТРАТЕГИИ РОССИЯН КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ МОДЕЛИ ФИНАНСОВОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ

Topic. The article is devoted to the analysis of financial behaviour the Russians and the formation of strategies of credit behaviour of the Russian population.Purpose. Our purpose was: identification of the factors influencing the formation of financial behaviour of the population of Russia, determination of the role of credit services in the development of our country and its regions; clarification of the phase of the current state of consumer crediting; assessment of the current situation in the market of crediting of private individuals taking into account peculiarities of their strategies; generalization of the experience of the lending market by using a credit card; presentation of a typology of population’s credit behavior; determination of the shortcomings of modern monetary and credit practices on the basis of credit behaviour of Russians.Methodology. We use following methods: content-analysis, sociological methods (in-depth structured interviews), methods of expert evaluation, classification, and taxonomy.Results. The authors highlighted the most important aspects, the relationships, and trends of financial behavior of the Russians. Compiled data are considered as factors of formation and study of models of financial behavior. Taking into account the functions of the loan, we describe the characteristics and types of credit instruments, the role of credit services in the development of territories (whole country and regions). The authors study of consumer lending and determine the phase of its modern state. We assess the current situation in the market of consumers’ crediting taking into account their specific socio-income groups. Next, we classify the consumer credit services and present a typology of consumers’ credit behavior. We ground the factors of choice of models of borrowers’ behavior and identify the ‘gaps’ of modern financial and credit practices and generalize the experience of bank’s lending on the example the most common product—credit card.Conclusions. The authors propose ways to prevent possible negative processes in the credit market of Russia: financial education programs; improvement of the legislative base aimed at protection of the borrowers’ rights; an increase of consumers’ confidence in the financial (particularly the banking) system; the growth of living standards; state policy aimed at the sustainable socio-economic development of the country.Предмет. Статья посвящена анализу финансового поведения россиян и формированию стратегий кредитного поведения населения России.Цели. Выявить факторы, влияющие на формирование финансового поведения населения России. Определить роль кредитных услуг в развитии нашей страны и ее регионов. Уточнить фазу современного состояния сектора потребительского кредитования. Оценить текущую ситуацию на рынке кредитования физических лиц с учетом особенностей их стратегий. Обобщить опыт рынка банковского кредитования на примере использования продукта банковской карты. Представить типологию видов кредитного поведения населения. Определить недостатки современной кредитно-финансовой практики на основе моделей кредитного поведения россиян.Методология. Контент-анализ, социологические методы (глубинные структурированные интервью), методы экспертной оценки, классификации и типологии.Результаты. Выделены важнейшие аспекты, взаимосвязи и тенденции финансового поведения россиян. Данные позиции рассматриваются в качестве факторов формирования и изучения модели финансового поведения. С учетом функций кредита отражены особенности и виды кредитных инструментов, выявлена роль кредитных услуг в развитии территорий (страны и регионов). Проведено исследование сектора потребительского кредитования. Определена фаза его современного состояния, составлена оценка текущей ситуации на рынке кредитования физических лиц с учетом их принадлежности к определенным социально-доходным группам. В рамках исследования проведена классификация потребителей кредитных услуг и представлена типология видов кредитного поведения населения. Обоснованы факторы выбора модели кредитного поведения и определены «пробелы» современной кредитно-финансовой практики. Обобщен опыт рынка банковского кредитования на примере использования самого распространенного продукта — кредитной карты.Выводы. Авторами предложены пути предотвращения возможных негативных процессов на кредитном рынке России: программы финансового просвещения, совершенствование законодательной базы, защита прав заемщиков, повышение доверия населения к финансовой (в частности, к банковской) системе, рост уровня жизни, государственная политика, направленная на стабильное социально-экономическое развитие страны

Insights into the molecular phylogeny and morphology of three novel Dothiora species, along with a worldwide checklist of Dothiora

Most species of Dothiora are known from the dead parts of various host plants as saprobic fungi in terrestrial habitats occurring in tropical and temperate regions. In the present study, samples of Dothiora were collected from dead twigs and branches of Capparis spinosa, Rhaponticum repens, and an unknown angiosperm plant from the Tashkent and Jizzakh regions of Uzbekistan. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF1, and TUB2 sequence data revealed their taxonomic positions within the Dothideaceae. Three new species of Dothiora, namely, Dothiora capparis, Dothiora rhapontici, and Dothiora uzbekistanica were proposed by molecular and morphological data. Likewise, the phylogenetic relationship and morphology of Dothiora are discussed. In addition, we provide a list of accepted Dothiora species, including host information, distribution, morphology descriptions, and availability of sequence data, to enhance the current knowledge of the diversity within Dothiora

Exploring biodiversity and ethnobotanical significance of Solanum species in Uzbekistan: unveiling the cultural wealth and ethnopharmacological uses

Despite its millennial existence and empirical documentation, the ethnological knowledge of herbs is a more recent phenomenon. The knowledge of their historical uses as food, medicine, source of income and small-scale businesses, and the sociological impacts are threatened due to the slow ethnobotanical research drive. Species of the genus Solanum have long been extensively used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses of humans since the dawn of civilization. All data were systematically obtained from papers, monographs, and books written in Uzbek, Russian, and English through various scientific online databases, including Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Semantic Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science using specific keywords focused on eight Solanum species. Eight native and non-native Solanum species as S. dulcamara L., S. lycopersicum L., S. melongena L., S. nigrum L., S. rostratum Dunal., S. sisymbriifolium Lam., S. tuberosum L., and S. villosum Mill. have been recorded in Uzbekistan of Central Asia. In this article we presented recently obtained data on the diversity, morphological characteristics, global distribution, habitat, population status, phenology, reproduction, pharmacology and phytochemistry of these Solanum species in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, relying on a combination of literature reviews and analyses from various scientific papers, we focus on food consumption coupled with global ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological uses in human diseases of the Solanum species growing in Uzbekistan. Since the dawn of civilization, these eight cultivated and non-cultivated species of Solanum have provided sustainable resources of medicinal plants in Uzbekistan to prevent and treat various human diseases. Based on the collected data, it was shown that Solanum species have not been studied ethnobotanically and ethnomedicinally in Uzbekistan and it is necessary to conduct phytochemical and biotechnological research on them in the future. Traditional uses and scientific evaluation of Solanum indicate that S. nigrum, S. sisymbriifolium and S. tuberosum are one of the most widely used species in some parts of the world. Although considerable progress has been made to comprehend the chemical and biological properties of S. nigrum and S. tuberosum species, more research on the pharmacology and toxicology of these species is needed to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of their biologically active extracts and isolated bioactive compounds. Additionally, conducting additional research on the structure-activity relationship of certain isolated phytochemicals has the potential to enhance their biological efficacy and advance the scientific utilization of traditional applications of Solanum taxa

REGIONAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS: LABOR POTENTIAL OF THE FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT

The article deals with the problem of reducing the total population and reducing labor potential in the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation. Among the reasons that influence this process, a relatively low standard of living of the population is identified (lagging behind the average Russian population shares with incomes below the subsistence level, unemployment and access to social benefits), which contributes to an increase in migration outflows. Against the backdrop of a negative coefficient of natural profit, the migration of the able-bodied strata of the population poses a threat to the implementation of the state plan for the long-term social and economic development of the Far East. It has been suggested that the implementation of the “Far Eastern Capital” program is one of the ways to attract highly educated labor resources to the territory of the subjects of the Far-Eastern macroregion. The program envisages the allocation of financial resources that are applied by the population exclusively in the given territory in order to improve their living standards (housing and the opportunity to open their own business), as well as the quality of the educational (and hence labor) potential. The increase in population due to the solution of issues of material and social well-being will contribute to the expansion of domestic effective demand in the Far East. This, in turn, will lead to the successful functioning of the territories of advanced development and special zones of investment attractiveness

Regional aspects of youth labor employment

The article addresses the issues of youth employment and factors affecting the success of employment. Based on official statistics, unemployment rates are compared by age groups in the federal districts ofRussia. The analysis of the situation inMoscowand in the regions of theFar Eastrevealed the most vulnerable in terms of employment group of the population – from 15 to 29 years. According to the results of their own sociological research carried out in the metropolitan metropolis, there are presented: channels for finding vacancies, reasons that impede the employment of young people, difficulties in communicating directly with employers, and willingness to retrain. The greatest problems in the employment of young people (including graduates of universities and colleges) are the lack of necessary experience and an appropriate level of education. It is revealed that the most effective ways of finding jobs for young people are special sites on the Internet and contacting the city employment service. The structure of young unemployed by level of education in the Russian macro-regions is considered. Comparison of the situation in the regions of the Far East and inMoscowshowed the presence of similar problems, including an oversupply of trained specialists in the professions lawyer, economist, manager. The imbalance between the needs of the labor market and the supply of young labor requires decision-making at the federal and regional levels