778 research outputs found
Data-driven network performance prediction for B5G networks: a graph neural network approach
Extreme connectivity, dynamic resource provision-ing and demand of quality assurance in 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) networks calls for advance network modeling solutions. We need functional network models that are able to produce accurate prediction of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) such as latency, overall delay, jitter or packet loss at low cost. Graph Neural Networks (GNN) have already shown great potential for network performance prediction, because of their ability to understand the network configurations. In this paper, we focus on improving the generalization capabilities of GNN in relatively complex IP transport network scenarios of future generation networks. We take RouteNet GNN as a reference model and present an alternative GNN. We train both models with relatively smaller network scenarios while for evaluation we use complex and large network configurations. After hyper-parameter tuning for RouteNet and proposed GNN, the results show that our model outperforms baseline architecture in evaluation phase. The validation losses for scenarios not seen during training phase, are significantly lower than the RouteNet
The X-Ray Spectral Variability of Mrk 766
Analysis results from ASCA and ROSAT observations of the narrow-line Seyfert
1 galaxy Mrk 766 are reported. In the ASCA observation we observed rapid
variability with a doubling time scale of 1000 seconds. A spectral variability
event was observed in which the spectrum softened and hardened above and below
~1 keV, respectively, as the flux increased. The spectra could be modeled with
5 components: a power law, warm absorber, iron K(alpha) line and soft excess
component flux. The spectral variability resulted from a highly significant
change in the intrinsic photon law index from Gamma ~1.6 to ~2.0, an increase
in the warm absorber ionization, and a marginally significant decrease in the
soft component normalization. A ~100 eV equivalent width narrow iron K(alpha)
line was detected in the high state spectrum. Spectral hardening during flux
increases was observed in three ROSAT observations.
The change in intrinsic photon index and disappearance of the soft excess
component in the ASCA spectra can be explained as a transition from a first
order pair reprocessed spectrum to a pair cascade brought about by a sudden
increase in the injected electron Lorentz factor. The change in the ionization
of the warm absorber, though model dependent, could correspond to the increase
in flux at the oxygen edges resulting from the spectral index change. The ROSAT
spectral variability can be interpreted by variable intensity hard power law
and a relatively nonvarying soft component, possibly primary disk emission.
These results are compared with those reported from other narrow-line Seyfert 1
galaxies.Comment: 29 pages using (AASTeX) aaspp4.sty and 18 Postscript figures. To
appear in the September 1, 1996, issue of The Astrophysical Journa
The 1 keV to 200 keV X-ray Spectrum of NGC 2992 and NGC 3081
The Seyfert 2 galaxies NGC 2992 and NGC 3081 have been observed by INTEGRAL
and Swift. We report about the results and the comparison of the spectrum above
10 keV based on INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI, Swift/BAT, and BeppoSAX/PDS. A spectrum
can be extracted in the X-ray energy band ranging from 1 keV up to 200 keV.
Although NGC 2992 shows a complex spectrum below 10 keV, the hard tail observed
by various missions exhibits a slope with photon index = 2, independent on the
flux level during the observation. No cut-off is detectable up to the detection
limit around 200 keV. In addition, NGC 3081 is detected in the INTEGRAL and
Swift observation and also shows an unbroken Gamma = 1.8 spectrum up to 150
keV. These two Seyfert galaxies give further evidence that a high-energy
cut-off in the hard X-ray spectra is often located at energies E_C >> 100 keV.
In NGC 2992 a constant spectral shape is observed over a hard X-ray luminosity
variation by a factor of 11. This might indicate that the physical conditions
of the emitting hot plasma are constant, while the amount of plasma varies, due
to long-term flaring activity.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Isotropic Mid-Infrared Emission from the Central 100 pc of Active Galaxies
Dust reprocesses the intrinsic radiation of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to
emerge at longer wavelengths. The observed mid-infrared (MIR) luminosity
depends fundamentally on the luminosity of the central engine, but in detail it
also depends on the geometric distribution of the surrounding dust. To quantify
this relationship, we observe nearby normal AGNs in the MIR to achieve spatial
resolution better than 100 pc, and we use absorption-corrected X-ray luminosity
as a proxy for the intrinsic AGN emission. We find no significant difference
between optically classified Seyfert 1 and 2 galaxies. Spectroscopic
differences, both at optical and IR wavelengths, indicate that the immediate
surroundings of AGNs is not spherically symmetric, as in standard unified AGN
models. A quantitative analysis of clumpy torus radiative transfer models shows
that a clumpy local environment can account for this dependence on viewing
geometry while producing MIR continuum emission that remains nearly isotropic,
as we observe, although the material is not optically thin at these
wavelengths. We find some luminosity dependence on the X-ray/MIR correlation in
the smallest scale measurements, which may indicate enhanced dust emission
associated with star formation, even on these sub-100 pc scales.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in Ap
Variable Iron K-alpha Lines in Seyfert 1 Galaxies
We find that variability of the iron K-alpha line is common in Seyfert 1
galaxies. Using data from the ASCA archive for objects that have been observed
more than once during the mission, we study the time-averaged spectra from
individual observations, thereby probing variability on timescales that range
from days to years. Since the statistics of the data do not warrant searches
for line variability in terms of a complex physical model, we use a a simple
Gaussian to model the gross shape of the line, and then use the centroid
energy, intensity and equivalent width as robust indicators of changes in the
line profile. We find that ~70% of Seyfert 1s (ten out of fifteen) show
variability in at least one of these parameters: the centroid energy,
intensity, and equivalent width vary in six, four, and eight sources
respectively. Due to the low S/N, limited sampling and time averaging, we
consider these results to represent lower limits to the rate of incidence of
variability. In most cases changes in the line do not appear to track changes
in the continuum. In particular, we find no evidence for variability of the
line intensity in NGC 4151, suggesting an origin in a region larger than the
putative accretion disk, where most of the iron line has been thought to
originate. Mkn 279 is investigated on short timescales. The time-averaged
effective line energy is 6.5 keV in the galaxy rest frame. As the continuum
flux increases by 20% in a few hours, the Fe K line responds with the effective
line energy increasing by 0.22 keV (~10,500 km s^-1). Problems with the ASCA
and Rosat calibration that affect simultaneous spectral fits are discussed in
an appendix.Comment: 26 pages, 30 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical
Journa
Source Localization Using Virtual Antenna Arrays
Using antenna arrays for direction of arrival (DoA) estimation and source localization is a well-researched topic. In this paper, we analyze virtual antenna arrays for DoA estimation where the antenna array geometry is acquired using data from a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU). Performance evaluation of an unaided inertial navigation system with respect to individual IMU sensor noise parameters is provided using a state space based extended Kalman filter. Secondly, using Monte Carlo simulations, DoA estimation performance of random 3-D antenna arrays is evaluated by computing Cramér-Rao lower bound values for a single plane wave source located in the far field of the array. Results in the paper suggest that larger antenna arrays can provide significant gain in DoA estimation accuracy, but, noise in the rate gyroscope measurements proves to be a limiting factor when making virtual antenna arrays for DoA estimation and source localization using single antenna devices
- …