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Physiological Responses of a Model Marine Diatom to Fast pH Changes: Special Implications of Coastal Water Acidification

<div><p>Diatoms and other phytoplankton in coastal waters experience rapid pH changes in milieu due to high biological activities and/or upwelled CO₂-rich waters. While CO₂ concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) are employed by all diatoms tested to counter low CO₂ availability in seawater, little is known how this mechanism responds to fast pH changes. In the present study, the model diatom <i>Thalassiosira pseudonana</i> was acclimated for 20 generations to low pH (7.81) at an elevated CO₂ of 1000 μatm (HC) or to high pH (8.18) at ambient CO₂ levels of 390 μatm (LC), then its physiological characteristics were investigated as cells were shifted from HC to LC or vice versa. The maximal electron transport rate (ETR_max) in the HC-acclimated cells was immediately reduced by decreased CO₂ availability, showing much lower values compared to that of the LC-acclimated cells. However, the cells showed a high capacity to regain their photochemical performance regardless of the growth CO₂ levels, with their ETR_max values recovering to initial levels in about 100 min. This result indicates that this diatom might modulate its CCMs quickly to maintain a steady state supply of CO₂, which is required for sustaining photosynthesis. In addition, active uptake of CO₂ could play a fundamental role during the induction of CCMs under CO₂ limitation, since the cells maintained high ETR even when both intracellular and periplasmic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited. It is concluded that efficient regulation of the CCM is one of the key strategies for diatoms to survive in fast changing pH environment, e.g. for the tested species, which is a dominant species in coastal waters where highly fluctuating pH is observed.</p></div

The major parameters of seawater carbonate system under the present and projected CO₂ levels.

<p>Data are the means ± SD of 6 measurements from triplicate bottles before and after dilution in a typical day.</p

The rapid light curves of LC-acclimated and HC-acclimated grown cells in the presence or absence of EZ measured in pH 7.82 (A, B, C, D) or pH 8.37 (E, F, G, I) buffered medium(Tris,20 mM) at different times (T₀,T₂₂,T₄₄ and T_100min).

<p>Vertical bars represent SD, n = 3.</p

The external and total carbonic anhydrase activity of LC-acclimated and HC-acclimated grown cells.

<p>Vertical bars represent SD, n = 3.</p

The time course of photosynthetic parameters (P_m, the maximal rETR; E_k, the light saturation point and α, the light utilization efficiency) of LC-acclimated and HC-acclimated rapid light curves in the presence or absence of EZ at pH 7.82 (A, C, E) or pH8.37 (B, D, F), Vertical bars represent SD, n = 3.

<p>The time course of photosynthetic parameters (P_m, the maximal rETR; E_k, the light saturation point and α, the light utilization efficiency) of LC-acclimated and HC-acclimated rapid light curves in the presence or absence of EZ at pH 7.82 (A, C, E) or pH8.37 (B, D, F), Vertical bars represent SD, n = 3.</p

Treatment matrix for exposure experiments.

Phytoplankton face numerous pressures resulting from chemical and physical stressors, primarily induced by human activities. This study focuses on investigating the interactive effects of widely used antifouling agent Irgarol 1051 and UV radiation on the photo-physiology of marine diatoms from diverse latitudes, within the context of global warming. Our findings clearly shown that both Irgarol and UV radiation have a significant inhibitory impact on the photochemical performance of the three diatoms examined, with Irgarol treatment exhibiting more pronounced effects. In the case of the two temperate zone diatoms, we observed a decrease in the inhibition induced by Irgarol 1051 and UVR as the temperature increased up to 25°C. Similarly, for the subarctic species, an increase in temperature resulted in a reduction in the inhibition caused by Irgarol and UVR. These results suggest that elevated temperatures can mitigate the short-term inhibitory effects of both Irgarol and UVR on diatoms. Furthermore, our data indicate that increased temperature could significantly interact with UVR or Irgarol for temperate diatoms, while this was not the case for cold water diatoms, indicating temperate and subarctic diatoms may respond differentially under global warming.</div

Fig 3 -

The quantum yields of photosystem II of S. costatum at four temperatures (A: 10°C, B: 15°C, C: 20°C, D: 25°C) exposed to two radiation treatments (PAR, black and UVR, red) and two Irgarol 1051 treatments (0, hollow symbols and 0.4 μg L-1, solid symbols). Vertical lines represent standard deviations, n = 3.</p

Data of Figs 2–6 was uploaded as Excel file in supporting information.

Data of Figs 2–6 was uploaded as Excel file in supporting information.</p

The statistical results of permutation 3-way ANOVA for the QY of three species during 120 mins exposure experiments under different combinations of UVR, Irgarol and temperature (T), all significant effects were negative.

The statistical results of permutation 3-way ANOVA for the QY of three species during 120 mins exposure experiments under different combinations of UVR, Irgarol and temperature (T), all significant effects were negative.</p