391 research outputs found
Universal scaling of strange particle spectra in pp collisions
As a complementary study to that performed on the transverse momentum
() spectra of charged pions, kaons and protons in proton-proton (pp)
collisions at LHC energies 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV, we present a scaling behaviour
in the spectra of strange particles (, ,
and ) at these three energies. This scaling behaviour is
exhibited when the spectra are expressed in a suitable scaling variable
, where the scaling parameter is determined by the quality
factor method and increases with the center of mass energy (). The
rates at which increases with for these strange
particles are found to be identical within errors. In the framework of the
colour string percolation model, we argue that these strange particles are
produced through the decay of clusters that are formed by the colour strings
overlapping. We observe that the strange mesons and baryons are produced from
clusters with different size distributions, while the strange mesons (baryons)
and ( and ) originate from clusters
with the same size distributions. The cluster's size distributions for strange
mesons are more dispersed than those for strange baryons. The scaling behaviour
of the spectra for these strange particles can be explained by the
colour string percolation model in a quantitative way.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, accepted by EPJ
TSFool: Crafting Highly-imperceptible Adversarial Time Series through Multi-objective Black-box Attack to Fool RNN Classifiers
Neural network (NN) classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial attacks.
Although the existing gradient-based attacks achieve state-of-the-art
performance in feed-forward NNs and image recognition tasks, they do not
perform as well on time series classification with recurrent neural network
(RNN) models. This is because the cyclical structure of RNN prevents direct
model differentiation and the visual sensitivity of time series data to
perturbations challenges the traditional local optimization objective of the
adversarial attack. In this paper, a black-box method called TSFool is proposed
to efficiently craft highly-imperceptible adversarial time series for RNN
classifiers. We propose a novel global optimization objective named Camouflage
Coefficient to consider the imperceptibility of adversarial samples from the
perspective of class distribution, and accordingly refine the adversarial
attack as a multi-objective optimization problem to enhance the perturbation
quality. To get rid of the dependence on gradient information, we also propose
a new idea that introduces a representation model for RNN to capture deeply
embedded vulnerable samples having otherness between their features and latent
manifold, based on which the optimization solution can be heuristically
approximated. Experiments on 10 UCR datasets are conducted to confirm that
TSFool averagely outperforms existing methods with a 46.3% higher attack
success rate, 87.4% smaller perturbation and 25.6% better Camouflage
Coefficient at a similar time cost.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Meta Pattern Concern Score: A Novel Evaluation Measure with Human Values for Multi-classifiers
While advanced classifiers have been increasingly used in real-world
safety-critical applications, how to properly evaluate the black-box models
given specific human values remains a concern in the community. Such human
values include punishing error cases of different severity in varying degrees
and making compromises in general performance to reduce specific dangerous
cases. In this paper, we propose a novel evaluation measure named Meta Pattern
Concern Score based on the abstract representation of probabilistic prediction
and the adjustable threshold for the concession in prediction confidence, to
introduce the human values into multi-classifiers. Technically, we learn from
the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of common metrics, namely the
confusion matrix-based evaluation measures and the loss values, so that our
measure is effective as them even under general tasks, and the cross entropy
loss becomes a special case of our measure in the limit. Besides, our measure
can also be used to refine the model training by dynamically adjusting the
learning rate. The experiments on four kinds of models and six datasets confirm
the effectiveness and efficiency of our measure. And a case study shows it can
not only find the ideal model reducing 0.53% of dangerous cases by only
sacrificing 0.04% of training accuracy, but also refine the learning rate to
train a new model averagely outperforming the original one with a 1.62% lower
value of itself and 0.36% fewer number of dangerous cases.Comment: Published at the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man,
and Cybernetics (SMC); 9 pages, 6 figure
Numerical and experimental investigation of nonlinear properties of rubber absorber in rail fastening
International audienceA nonlinear dynamic model of a rubber absorber in railway fastening systems is proposed, based on the superposition principle to simulate its nonlinear vibrational behavior. A dynamic experiment was carried out to obtain all model parameters. The accuracy of the model was supported by good agreement between measured and simulated results, and it should therefore be an effective mechanical tool for simulating and characterizing the nonlinear behavior of rubber absorbers in rail fastening systems at particular vibrational modes. Excitation frequency dependency and amplitude dependency of the nonlinear dynamic stiffness were also selected for further study. The results indicate that characteristics of the nonlinear dynamic stiffness are closely associated with both displacement amplitude and frequency, although frequency dependency is not as great as amplitude dependency
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Water Table and Vegetation Status of a Deserted Area
Understanding groundwater-vegetation interactions is crucial for sustaining fragile environments of desert areas such as the Horqin Sandy Land (HSL) in northern China. This study examined spatio-temporal variations in the water table and the associated vegetation status of a 9.71 km2 area that contains meadowland, sandy dunes, and intermediate transitional zones. The depth of the water table and hydrometeorologic parameters were monitored and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were utilized to assess the vegetation cover. Spatio-temporal variations over the six-year study period were examined and descriptive groundwater-vegetation associations developed by overlaying a water table depth map onto a vegetation index map derived from MODIS. The results indicate that the water table depends on the local topography, localized geological settings, and human activities such as reclamation, with fluctuations occurring at annual and monthly scales as a function of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Locations where the water table is closer to the surface tend to have more dense and productive vegetation. The water table depth is more closely associated with vegetative density in meadowlands than in transitional zones, and only poorly associated with vegetation in sandy dunes
Estimated Grass Grazing Removal Rate in a Semiarid Eurasian Steppe Watershed as Influenced by Climate
Grazing removal rate of grasses needs to be determined for various climate conditions to address eco-environmental concerns (e.g., desertification) related to steppe grassland degradation. The conventional approach, which requires survey data on animal species and heads as well as grass consumption per individual animal, is too costly and time-consuming to be applied at a watershed scale. The objective of this study was to present a new approach that can be used to estimate grazing removal rate with no requirement of animal-related data. The application of this new approach was demonstrated in a Eurasian semiarid typical-steppe watershed for an analysis period of 2000 to 2010. The results indicate that the removal rate tended to become larger, but its temporal variation tended to become smaller, from the upstream to downstream. Averaged across the watershed, the removal rate ranged from 63.9 to 401.0 g DM m-2 (or 22.4 to 60.9%) during the analysis period. As expected, the removal rate in an atmospherically wetter year was higher than that in an atmospherically drier year. Nevertheless, none of the eleven analysis years had a removal rate higher than the threshold value of 65%, above which the risk of grassland degradation would become much greater
A survey on rainfall forecasting using artificial neural network
Rainfall has a great impact on agriculture and people’s daily travel, so accurate prediction of precipitation is well worth studying for researchers. Traditional methods like numerical weather prediction (NWP) models or statistical models can’t provide satisfied effect of rainfall forecasting because of nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of precipitation. However, artificial neural network (ANN) has an ability to obtain complicated nonlinear relationship between variables, which is suitable to predict precipitation. This paper mainly introduces background knowledge of ANN and several algorithms using neural network applied to precipitation prediction in recent years. It is proved that neural network can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of prediction
Analyses of m6A regulatory genes and subtype classification in atrial fibrillation
ObjectiveTo explore the role of m6A regulatory genes in atrial fibrillation (AF), we classified atrial fibrillation patients into subtypes by two genotyping methods associated with m6A regulatory genes and explored their clinical significance.MethodsWe downloaded datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The m6A regulatory gene expression levels were extracted. We constructed and compared random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) models. Feature genes were selected to develop a nomogram model with the superior model. We identified m6A subtypes based on significantly differentially expressed m6A regulatory genes and identified m6A gene subtypes based on m6A-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Comprehensive evaluation of the two m6A modification patterns was performed.ResultsThe data of 107 samples from three datasets, GSE115574, GSE14975 and GSE41177, were acquired from the GEO database for training models, comprising 65 AF samples and 42 sinus rhythm (SR) samples. The data of 26 samples from dataset GSE79768 comprising 14 AF samples and 12 SR samples were acquired from the GEO database for external validation. The expression levels of 23 regulatory genes of m6A were extracted. There were correlations among the m6A readers, erasers, and writers. Five feature m6A regulatory genes, ZC3H13, YTHDF1, HNRNPA2B1, IGFBP2, and IGFBP3, were determined (p < 0.05) to establish a nomogram model that can predict the incidence of atrial fibrillation with the RF model. We identified two m6A subtypes based on the five significant m6A regulatory genes (p < 0.05). Cluster B had a lower immune infiltration of immature dendritic cells than cluster A (p < 0.05). On the basis of six m6A-related DEGs between m6A subtypes (p < 0.05), two m6A gene subtypes were identified. Both cluster A and gene cluster A scored higher than the other clusters in terms of m6A score computed by principal component analysis (PCA) algorithms (p < 0.05). The m6A subtypes and m6A gene subtypes were highly consistent.ConclusionThe m6A regulatory genes play non-negligible roles in atrial fibrillation. A nomogram model developed by five feature m6A regulatory genes could be used to predict the incidence of atrial fibrillation. Two m6A modification patterns were identified and evaluated comprehensively, which may provide insights into the classification of atrial fibrillation patients and guide treatment
Visual object localization in image collections
Conference Name:6th International Conference on Image and Graphics, ICIG 2011. Conference Address: Hefei, Anhui, China. Time:August 12, 2011 - August 15, 2011.National Natural Science Foundation of China; Chinese Academy of Science; Microsoft Research Asia; Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS; Anhui Crearo Technology Co., LtdThe research of object localization is active in the field of visual object category. In this paper, we focus on object localization in a given special category dataset. We propose to exploit the context aware category discovery for object localization without any labeled examples. Firstly, the image is segmented based on a multiple segmentation algorithm. Secondly, these generated regions are clustered by spectral clustering method to find the category pattern based on the context of the dataset and the saliency. Thirdly, the object is localized based on the weakly supervised learning algorithm. To justify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the detection precision is employed to evaluate the performance of our approach. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach is promising in object localization with unsupervised learning method. ? 2011 IEEE
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