UPAYA GURU DALAM MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN EKONOMI DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS (SMA) NEGERI 1 SINGINGI KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI

Penelitian ini hanya terdiri dari 1 variabel, yaitu upaya guru dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi. Variabel inilah yang menjadi kajian permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui upaya guru dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah guru mata pelajaran ekonomi di SMA Negeri 1 Singingi Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi, sedangkan objeknya adalah upaya guru dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah guru mata pelajaran ekonomi di SMA Negeri 1 Singingi Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi yang berjumlah 3 (tiga) orang. Penulis menarik seluruh populasi yang ada untuk dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini, sehingga penelitian ini dinamakan penelitian populasi. Data-data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui beberapa teknik diantaranya teknik observasi dan dokumentasi. Data-data yang terkumpul dari penelitian ini ada yang berupa data kualitatif dan ada pula yang berupa data kuantitatif, namun secara keseluruhan tetap diolah menggunakan analisa kualitatif yang dikenal dengan istilah analisis deskriptif kualitatif dengan persentase. Penelitian yang penulis lakukan ini menghasilkan kesimpulan akhir bahwa upaya guru dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Negeri 1 Singingi Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi secara keseluruhan dikategorikan “Maksimal” dengan persentase sebesar 72,86% yang berada pada rentang 61%-80%. Upaya guru dalam meningkatkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran ekonomi di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Negeri 1 Singingi Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi tergambar dari usaha-usahanya sebagai berikut: Guru menarik perhatian siswa; guru memotivasi siswa sebelum menerangkan materi pelajaran; guru menghimbau siswa untuk aktif selama berlangsungnya pembelajaran; guru menjelaskan kompetensi dasar dari materi yang akan dibahas; guru menjelaskan tujuan yang harus dicapai dari materi yang dipelajari oleh siswanya; guru menjelaskan kompetensi-kompetensi yang harus ada pada siswa sebelum memulai pelajaran; guru memberikan stimulus/gambaran tentang materi yang akan dibahas; guru memberitahukan kepada siswa cara mudah untuk memahami materi yang dibahas; guru menggunakan metode pembelajaran yang menarik sesuai dengan materi yang dipelajari; guru menggunakan media pembelajaran sesuai dengan materi yang dipelajari; guru rajin bertanya kepada siswa tentang materi yang dipelajari; guru merespons pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh siswa-siswanya; guru mengadakan evaluasi diakhir pembelajaran dan guru menyimpulkan materi pelajaran

Elektroretinogram Multifokus (mfERG): Data Piawai Makmal bagi Kanak-kanak Berusia 6-12 Tahun

Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan nilai data piawai mfERG bagi Makmal Elektrofisiologi, Program Optometri & Sains Penglihatan, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Pengukuran mfERG yang dilakukan adalah min ketumpatan amplitud (nV/deg²) kedua mata dan perbandingan min antara mata kanan (OD) dan kiri (OS); respon ketumpatan amplitud setiap bulatan yang dikaji dan respon keseluruhan ketumpatan amplitud kawasan retina yang dikaji. Kajian ini melibatkan seramai 16 orang kanak-kanak normal berumur antara 6 hingga 12 tahun. Ujian t-berpasangan mendapati tiada perbezaan signifikan min ketumpatan amplitud antara kedua mata (OD=24.27±8.16 nV/deg², OS=24.12±8.57 nV/deg², p=0.937). Nilai min ketumpatan amplitud setiap bulatan untuk OD adalah bulatan 1=56.41±24.85 nV/deg², bulatan 2=28.36±9.31 nV/deg², bulatan 3=17.50±5.33 nV/deg², bulatan 4=10.51±3.17 nV/deg² dan bulatan 5=8.57±2.74 nV/deg². Nilai min ketumpatan amplitud setiap bulatan untuk OS adalah bulatan 1=54.67±25.10 nV/deg², bulatan 2=28.89±10.52 nV/deg², bulatan 3=18.23±5.98 nV/deg², bulatan 4=10.40±3.37 nV/deg² dan bulatan 5=8.30±2.73 nV/deg². Manakala min ketumpatan amplitud keseluruhan kawasan retina ialah OD=24.27±8.16 nV/deg² dan OS=24.12±8.57 nV/deg². Kesimpulannya nilai piawai makmal mfERG telah berjaya dihasilkan untuk usia 6 hingga 12 tahun di Makmal Elektroretinogram Multifokal, Program Optometri dan Sains Penglihatan, UKM. Diharapkan ia akan diguna pakai sebagai panduan dan perbandingan penyelidikan akan datang

Combination effect of argan oil and low frequency electromagnetic field on open wound in mice

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of argan oil with the exposure of low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) on open wound healing in mice. Eighteen male mice (20-40 g) were divided into three groups: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as negative control, solcoseryl gel as positive control, and argan oil with the exposure of low frequency EMF, 1.2 mT (treatment group). Full thickness wounds (4 mm diameter) were induced on the shaved dorsal of the mouse. All mice were sacrificed on day 12 after the final treatment. Macroscopic observation, wound contraction rate, histopathology analysis and total protein content were examined in this study. Results showed that wounds treated with argan oil and exposed to low frequency EMF has a significant increase in wound contraction rate (p < 0.05) and total protein content (p < 0.05). Moreover, histopathological analysis on the wound tissues displayed complete re-epithelization with thick and dense collagen fibers in the argan oil with low frequency EMF exposure treated group. In conclusion, topical treatment of argan oil with low frequency EMF exposure yield a better healing progress and showed the ability to accelerate wound healing

Localization of Neuronal Gain Control in the Pupillary Response

Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) is being developed as an alternative to standard visual perimetry. In mfPOP, pupil responses to sparse multifocal luminance stimuli are extracted from the overall composite response. These individual test-region responses are subject to gain-control which is dependent on the temporal and spatial density of stimuli. This study aimed to localize this gain within the pupil pathway. Pupil constriction amplitudes of 8 subjects (41.5 ±12.7 y, 4 male) were measured using a series of 14 mfPOP stimulus variants. The temporal density of stimulus signal at the levels of retina, pretectal olivary nuclei (PON), and Edinger-Westphal nuclei (EWN) were controlled using a combination of manipulation of the mean interval between stimulus presentations (3 or 6 stimuli/s/hemiretina) and the restriction of stimuli to specific subsets of the 24 visual field test-regions per eye (left or right eye, left or right hemifield, or nasal or temporal hemifield). No significant difference was observed between mfPOP variants with differing signal density at the retina or PON but matched density at the other levels. In contrast, where signal density differed at the EWN but was the same at the retinal and PON levels e.g., between 3 stim/s homonymous hemifield and all test-region variants, significant reductions in constriction amplitudes were observed [t(30) = −2.07 to −2.50, all p &lt; 0.05]. Similar, although more variable, relationships were seen using nasal, and temporal hemifield stimuli. Results suggest that the majority of gain-control in the subcortical pupillary pathway occurs at the level of the EWN

The effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on pericytes in brain tissues and blood oxidative stress level in rats

Studies on the potential effect of EMF exposure on permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in humans are virtually absent. This study was conducted to study the effect of EMF exposure on pericytes in brain tissues and its effect on oxidative stress level in the blood through total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA). About 16 male rats (Wistar) were used and divided into two groups which are negative control and treatment group. In negative control group, the animals were placed in a solenoid without any EMF exposure for 3 hours daily for 5 days. In the treatment group, the animals were placed in a solenoid with 0.3 mT EMF exposure for the same time duration. On day 3 and day 5, animals were sacrificed and the brain was removed for histological examination while on day 1, day 3 and day 5, the blood was collected for biochemistry analysis. Histological observation showed the presence of morphological changes in the brain tissues of rats that exposed to EMF. Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant decrease in total protein (p>0.05) between negative control group and treatment group. Meanwhile, MDA level in blood showed a significant increase in treatment group (p<0.05) as compared to the negative control group. The result obtained in this study, suggest that the exposure to EMF can cause changes to the morphology of pericytes in brain tissues, reduce the total protein level and also can increase the MDA level in blood of rats

Low spatial frequency channels and the spatial frequency doubling illusion

Purpose: This study examined the number and nature of spatiotemporal channels in the region where the frequency-doubling (FD) illusion would be expected to occur at eight locations spanning the central 30° of the visual field. Methods: The probability o

Effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on histological changes and norepinephrine levels in the brains of adult male rats

The emergence of research about the biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) have growing concern among researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on the brain of rats periodically exposed to 0.1 mT EMF. Total 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subdivided randomly to 4 groups: 2 control groups (C1 6 hours: 6 h/ day for 5 days; C2 20 hours: 20 h/day for 5 days) and 2 treatment groups which exposed to 0.1 mT EMF (T1 6 hours: 6 h/day for 5 days; T2 20 hours: 20 h/day for 5 days). A significant decrease in the pyramidal cell number was higher as the exposure duration to EMF was extended (T1, p<0.05; T2, p<0.001). The total numbers of pyramidal cells for T1 was 15.18 % lower than of the total found in C1; and in concurring to the pattern, the number of pyramidal cells in T2 was 33.54 % lower than the total in C2. Similarly, there was a significant decrease of the Purkinje cell number as the duration exposure to EMF, extended (T1, p<0.05; T2, p<0.001). The total numbers of Purkinje cells for T1 was 11.20 % lower than C1, in T2 was 16.19 % lower than in C2. There were significant differences between the thickness of granular layer and molecular layer in the control groups and treatment groups. We also report a significant difference in the levels of norepinephrine in T2, 10.71 % higher than C2. Cumulatively, these results suggested that exposure to EMF can exert negative effect on rats brains

Multifocal frequency-doubling pattern visual evoked responses to dichoptic stimulation

Objective: To examine the feasibility of a multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) binocularly, using a variant of the multifocal frequency-doubling (FD) pattern-electroretinogram (MFP). Methods: Stimuli were presented in both monocular and dichoptic conditions at eight visual field locations/eye. The incommensurate stimulus frequencies ranged from 15.45 to 21.51 Hz. Five stimulus conditions differing in spatial frequency and orientation were examined for three viewing conditions. The resulting 15 stimulus conditions were examined in 16 normal subjects who repeated all conditions twice. Results: Several significant independent effects were identified. Response amplitudes were reduced for dichoptic viewing (by 0.85 times, p < 4 × 10-11); offset by increases in responses for between eye differences of one octave of spatial frequency: lower (1.15 times, 0.1 cpd); higher (1.29 times, 0.4 cpd), both p < 1.8 × 10-7. Crossed orientations produced significant effects upon response phase (p = 0.023) but not amplitude (p = 0.062). Conclusions: The results indicated that dichoptic evoked potentials using multifocal frequency-doubling illusion stimuli are practical. The use of crossed orientation, or differing spatial frequencies, in the two eyes reduced binocular interactions. Significance: The results indicate a method wherein several spatial or temporal and frequencies per visual field region can be tested in reasonable time using a multifocal VEP using spatial frequency-doubling stimuli