Premixed jet flame characteristics of syngas using OH planar laser induced fluorescence

Lean premixed flame characteristics of several typical low calorific value (LCV) syngases (basis CO/H-2/CH4/CO2/N-2), including bituminous coal, wood residue, corn core, and wheat straw gasification syngas, were investigated using OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology. OH radical distributions within the turbulent flame were measured for different turbulence intensities. Flame structures of syngases were analyzed and characterized with respect to burnt and unburnt regions, flame curvature (sharp cusp), local extinction (holes and penetration), OH reaction layer thickness, wrinkling, and other features, with OH-PLIF instantaneous images and statistical analysis. Results show that H-2 content, LCV, and turbulence intensity are the most effective factors influencing the OH radical intensity and thickness of OH radical layers. The bituminous coal gasification syngas with relatively higher LCV and H-2 content tends to burn out easily. Through changes in thickness of the OH radical layers and signal intensities, the reaction layer can be compressed by intensifying turbulence and thereby the combustion processes of syngas

A Phase-Coded Time-Domain Interleaved OTFS Waveform with Improved Ambiguity Function

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a significant application scenario in future wireless communication networks, and sensing capability of a waveform is always evaluated by the ambiguity function. To enhance the sensing performance of the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) waveform, we propose a novel time-domain interleaved cyclic-shifted P4-coded OTFS (TICP4-OTFS) with improved ambiguity function. TICP4-OTFS can achieve superior autocorrelation features in both the time and frequency domains by exploiting the multicarrier-like form of OTFS after interleaved and the favorable autocorrelation attributes of the P4 code. Furthermore, we present the vectorized formulation of TICP4-OTFS modulation as well as its signal structure in each domain. Numerical simulations show that our proposed TICP4-OTFS waveform outperforms OTFS with a narrower mainlobe as well as lower and more distant sidelobes in terms of delay and Doppler-dimensional ambiguity functions, and an instance of range estimation using pulse compression is illustrated to exhibit the proposed waveform\u2019s greater resolution. Besides, TICP4-OTFS achieves better performance of bit error rate for communication in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios.Comment: This paper has been accepted by 2023 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps): Workshop on Integrated Sensing and Communications for Internet of Thing

Understanding Chinese Consumption: The Impact of Hukou

The Chinese growth miracle was based on exports and investment in recent years. While strong output growth has been maintained even during the financial crisis, the imbalances within the country increased. To return to a more sustainable path of development, policies are directed to improve the role of private consumption. However, the institutional framework is an impediment to the transformation, as it weakens the incentives of households to consume. Besides a low degree of social security and highly regulated financial markets, we stress the relevance of the hukou system as the main driver for modest consumption, especially in recent years. After controlling for different income levels, the average propensity to consume is significantly lower for migrants, as their access to public services is limited. The downward pressure on consumption will increase in the future. The urbanization strategy of the government will likely raise the number of migrants with limited hukou rights, if it is not accompanied by respective reforms. Therefore, the transformation towards consumption driven growth is endangered without further reforms

Highway increases concentrations of toxic metals in giant panda habitat

The Qinling panda subspecies (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) is highly endangered with fewer than 350 individuals inhabiting the Qinling Mountains. Previous studies have indicated that giant pandas are exposed to heavy metals, and a possible source is vehicle emission. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, Hg, and As in soil samples collected from sites along a major highway bisecting the panda's habitat were analyzed to investigate whether the highway was an important source of metal contamination. There were 11 sites along a 30-km stretch of the 108th National Highway, and at each site, soil samples were taken at four distances from the highway (0, 50, 100, and 300 m) and at three soil depths (0, 5, 10 cm). Concentrations of all metals except As exceeded background levels, and concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. Geo-accumulation index indicated that topsoil next to the highway was moderately contaminated with Pb and Zn, whereas topsoil up to 300 m away from the highway was extremely contaminated with Cd. The potential ecological risk index demonstrated that this area was in a high degree of ecological hazards, which were also due to serious Cd contamination. And, the hazard quotient indicated that Cd, Pb, and Mn especially Cd could pose the health risk to giant pandas. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the highway was the main source of Cd, Pb, and Zn and also put some influence on Mn. The study has confirmed that traffic does contaminate roadside soils and poses a potential threat to the health of pandas. This should not be ignored when the conservation and management of pandas is considered

Evaporation, Autoignition and Micro-Explosion Characteristics of RP-3 Kerosene Droplets under Sub-Atmospheric Pressure and Elevated Temperature

The evaporation, autoignition and micro-explosion characteristics of RP-3 kerosene droplets under sub-atmospheric pressure (0.2–1.0 bar) and elevated temperature (473–1023 K) were experimentally investigated using high-speed camera technology. The results showed that the droplet evaporation rate increased monotonically with increasing temperature and pressure under 573–873 K and 0.2–1.0 bar. The decrease of temperature and pressure was obviously detrimental to the successful autoignition of droplets and increased the ignition delay time. Autoignitions at 0.2 bar were very difficult and required an ambient temperature of at least 973 K, which was about 150 K higher than the minimum ignition temperature at 1.0 bar. Sub-atmospheric pressure environment significantly inhibits the formation of soot particle clusters during the autoignition of droplet. Reducing pressure was also discovered to reduce the likelihood of micro-explosions at 673, 773 and 823 K but increase the bubble growth rate and droplet breakage intensity. Strong micro-explosions with droplet breakage time close to 1 ms were observed at 0.6 bar and 773/823 K, showing the characteristic of bubble inertia control growth

Numerical Analysis for Coal Gasification Performance in a Lab-Scale Gasifier: Effects of the Wall Temperature and Oxygen/Coal Ratio

The optimization of multiple factors for gasification performance using a 3D CFD model with advanced sub-models for single-stage drop tube coal gasification was compared with experimental results. A single-stage down-drop gasifier with multiple coal injectors and a single oxygen injector at the top of the gasifier was investigated at different temperatures and O2/coal ratios. A finite rate/eddy dissipation (FR/ED) model was employed to define the chemical reactions. Kinetic data for the various reactions were taken from previous work. The realizable k–ε turbulent model and Euler–Lagrangian framework were adopted to solve the turbulence equations and solid–gas interaction. First, various preliminary reactions were simulated to validate the reaction model with experimental data. Furthermore, various cases were simulated at various O/C ratios and wall temperatures to analyze the syngas species, temperature profile in the whole gasifier, exit temperature, carbon conversion, turbulent intensity, and velocity profile. The maximum CO was found to be 75.06% with an oxygen/coal ratio of 0.9 at 1800 °C. The minimum and maximum carbon conversions were found to be 97.5% and 99.8% at O/C 0.9 at 1200 °C and O/C 1.1 at 1800 °C, respectively

Numerical Analysis for Coal Gasification Performance in a Lab-Scale Gasifier: Effects of the Wall Temperature and Oxygen/Coal Ratio

The optimization of multiple factors for gasification performance using a 3D CFD model with advanced sub-models for single-stage drop tube coal gasification was compared with experimental results. A single-stage down-drop gasifier with multiple coal injectors and a single oxygen injector at the top of the gasifier was investigated at different temperatures and O2/coal ratios. A finite rate/eddy dissipation (FR/ED) model was employed to define the chemical reactions. Kinetic data for the various reactions were taken from previous work. The realizable k–ε turbulent model and Euler–Lagrangian framework were adopted to solve the turbulence equations and solid–gas interaction. First, various preliminary reactions were simulated to validate the reaction model with experimental data. Furthermore, various cases were simulated at various O/C ratios and wall temperatures to analyze the syngas species, temperature profile in the whole gasifier, exit temperature, carbon conversion, turbulent intensity, and velocity profile. The maximum CO was found to be 75.06% with an oxygen/coal ratio of 0.9 at 1800 °C. The minimum and maximum carbon conversions were found to be 97.5% and 99.8% at O/C 0.9 at 1200 °C and O/C 1.1 at 1800 °C, respectively

Evaporation, Autoignition and Micro-Explosion Characteristics of RP-3 Kerosene Droplets under Sub-Atmospheric Pressure and Elevated Temperature

The evaporation, autoignition and micro-explosion characteristics of RP-3 kerosene droplets under sub-atmospheric pressure (0.2–1.0 bar) and elevated temperature (473–1023 K) were experimentally investigated using high-speed camera technology. The results showed that the droplet evaporation rate increased monotonically with increasing temperature and pressure under 573–873 K and 0.2–1.0 bar. The decrease of temperature and pressure was obviously detrimental to the successful autoignition of droplets and increased the ignition delay time. Autoignitions at 0.2 bar were very difficult and required an ambient temperature of at least 973 K, which was about 150 K higher than the minimum ignition temperature at 1.0 bar. Sub-atmospheric pressure environment significantly inhibits the formation of soot particle clusters during the autoignition of droplet. Reducing pressure was also discovered to reduce the likelihood of micro-explosions at 673, 773 and 823 K but increase the bubble growth rate and droplet breakage intensity. Strong micro-explosions with droplet breakage time close to 1 ms were observed at 0.6 bar and 773/823 K, showing the characteristic of bubble inertia control growth

Experimental and kinetic modeling study of the CH4+H2S+air laminar burning velocities at atmospheric pressure

With the increasing demand for natural gas and depletion of many sweet gas fields, direct usage of sour gas, usually containing a large percentage of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), becomes a more economical choice in recent years. However, the laminar burning velocity (SL) of CH4+H2S flames have seldom been investigated due to the corrosivity and toxicity of H2S, and no available experimental data can be found for these mixtures burnt in the air. In this work, the laminar burning velocities of CH4+H2S+air flames were measured using the heat flux method at 1 atm and 298 K. The experimental data were obtained at various equivalence ratios and xH2S = 0–0.25, where xH2S refers to the mole fraction of H2S in the fuel. Simulations using a detailed mechanism of Mulvihill et al. (2019) were carried out, showing good agreement with the present experimental results. Kinetic analyses of A-factor SL reaction sensitivities, reaction pathways, and dominant intermediate species pointed out the importance of the C- and S-containing species interactions. To overcome the convergence problem of the Mulvihill mechanism, an examination of the unphysical reactions and species was carried out, which could be alleviated by making several reactions that violate the collision limit irreversible, accompanied by updating the heat capacity data. It's also found that substituting the hydrocarbon subset of the Mulvihill mechanism with mechanisms from FFCM-1, Konnov, San Diego, as well as Aramco noticeably deteriorates the simulation results due to the selection of different reaction rate constants

Iron Stress Affects the Growth and Differentiation of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>

Iron is an indispensable nutrient for the survival of Toxoplasma gondii; however, excessive amounts can lead to toxicity. The parasite must overcome the host’s “nutritional immunity” barrier and compete with the host for iron. Since T. gondii can infect most nucleated cells, it encounters increased iron stress during parasitism. This study assessed the impact of iron stress, encompassing both iron depletion and iron accumulation, on the growth of T. gondii. Iron accumulation disrupted the redox balance of T. gondii while enhancing the parasite’s ability to adhere in high-iron environments. Conversely, iron depletion promoted the differentiation of tachyzoites into bradyzoites. Proteomic analysis further revealed proteins affected by iron depletion and identified the involvement of phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator proteins in bradyzoite formation