Kidney Health for All – Bridging the gap to better kidney care in Africa

Introduction: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Africa is generally higher than global averages. Moreover, the management of patients with CKD suffers huge disparities compared to the rest of the world. We reviewed the literature on the major challenges in the management of kidney disease in Africa and suggest ways to bridge the gap for better kidney care on the African continent. Results and recommendations: The prevalence of CKD in Africa is 15.8%. Kidney failure is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as a result of limited infrastructure and out-of-pocket payment for renal replacement therapy in most parts of the continent. The increasing prevalence of CKD results from  epidemiological transition with increasing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and established communicable diseases. Furthermore, Africa has unique risk factors and causes of kidney disease such as sickle cell disease, APOL1 risk alleles, and chronic infections such HIV, and hepatitis B and C. Challenges facing kidney care in Africa include poverty, weak health systems, inadequate primary health care, misplaced priorities by political leaders, a relatively low nephrology workforce, poor identification of acute kidney injury (AKI), low  transplantation rates as well as a lack of sustainable prevention policies and renal registries. To bridge the gap to better kidney care, there should be more community engagement, advocacy for increased government support into kidney care, comprehensive renal registries, training of a greater nephrology workforce, task shifting of nephrology services to non-nephrologists, expanded access to renal replacement therapy and promotion of organ donation. Conclusion: Africa needs greater investment in kidney health

Impact of Hypertension on the Survival of chronic hemodialysis patients in Kinshasa: A Historical Cohort Study: Impact de l’Hypertension sur la survie des patients hémodialysés chroniques à Kinshasa : Etude de cohorte historique

Context and objective. The relationship between hypertension and mortality among hemodialysis patients remains controversial. This study aimed to identify independent predictors of mortality and assess the impact of hypertension on the survival among Congolese chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods. This historical cohort study concerned Congolese chronic hemodialysis patients followed in two hemodialysis centers in Kinshasa between 2010 and 2013. The end point was survival (time-to-death). Patient and dialysis-related parameters were introduced in the Cox regression to identify independent predictors of mortality. We use Kaplan Meier method to describe survival. Survival curves based on the presence or not of Hypertension were assessed using the Log-Rank test. Results. 191 patients (mean age 52.3±12.3 years; men -68%; hypertensive 85 %), were included. Among them, 88 patients died (46 %) Independent predictors of all-cause mortality were: temporary catheter use [aHR 7.72; 95% CI 1.84-32.45;  p=0.024], low Socioeconomic Status (SES) [aHR 2.57; 95% CI 1.06-6.27; p=0.038], being non-hypertensive [aHR 2.38; 95% CI 1.35-3.04; p=0.003], presence of perdialytic complications [aHR 2.28; 95% CI 1.12-4.66; p=0.024] and non EPO use [aHR 2.23; 95% CI 1.32-3.74; p=0.038]. Compared to non-hypertensive, hypertensive patients had significantly better median survival (4 vs 16 months; Log rank p ≤0.001). Conclusion. Despite the very high mortality in the study population, Congolese chronic hemodialysis hypertensive patients had better survival compared to nonhypertensive patients. This paradox already reported in other studies can be explained by reverse epidemiology. Contexte et objectif. La relation entre l’hypertension et la mortalité chez les patients hémodialysés est très controversée. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’identifier les prédicteurs indépendants de la mortalité en hémodialyse chronique et d’évaluer l’impact de l’hypertension sur la survie des patients congolais hémodialysés. Méthodes. Cette étude de cohorte historique a concerné les patients hémodialysés chroniques congolais traités dans deux centres d’hémodialyse à Kinshasa entre 2010 et 2013. Les courbes de survie de Kaplan Meier basées sur la présence ou non d’hypertension ont été comparées à l’aide du test de Log-Rank. Résultats. 191 patients (âge moyen de 52,3 ± 12,3 ans; hommes 68%; hypertendus 85%) ont été inclus. Parmi eux, 88 étaient décédés (46%). Les prédicteurs indépendants de la mortalité toutes causes confondues étaient les suivants : utilisation de cathéters provisoires [aHR 7,72; IC à 95%: 1,84 à 32,45; p = 0,024], statut socioéconomique faible (SSE) [aHR 2,57; IC à 95% 1,06-6,27; p = 0,038], l’absence d’hypertension artérielle [aHR 2,38; IC 95% 1,35-3,04; p = 0,003], présence de complications per dialytiques [aHR 2,28; IC à 95% 1,12-4,66; p = 0,024] et la non utilisation de l’ EPO [aHR 2,23; IC 95% 1,32-3,74; p =0,08]. Comparés aux patients normotendus, les hypertendus avaient significativement une meilleure survie médiane (4 versus 16 mois ; Log Rank p ≤0,001). Conclusion. Malgré une mortalité très élevée dans la population d’étude, les patients hypertendus congolais en hémodialyse chronique avaient une meilleure survie par rapport aux patients normotendus. Ce paradoxe déjà signalé dans d’autres études peut s’expliquer par l’épidémiologie inverse. &nbsp

Capacity for the management of kidney failure in the International Society of Nephrology Africa region:Report from the 2023 ISN Global Kidney Atlas (ISN-GKHA)

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated risk of kidney failure are increasing in Africa. The management of people with CKD is fraught with numerous challenges because of limitations in health systems and infrastructures for care delivery. From the third iteration of the International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA), we describe the status of kidney care in the ISN Africa region using the World Health Organization building blocks for health systems. We identified limited government health spending which in turn led to increased out-of-pocket costs for people with kidney disease at the point of service delivery. The healthcare workforce across Africa was sub-optimal and further challenged by the exodus of trained healthcare workers out of the continent. Medical products, technologies, and services for the management of people with non-dialysis CKD and for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) were scarce due to limitations in health infrastructure that was inequitably distributed. There were few kidney registries and advocacy groups championing kidney disease management in Africa compared to the rest of the world. Strategies for ensuring improved kidney care in Africa include focusing on CKD prevention and early detection, improving the effectiveness of the available healthcare workforce (e.g., multidisciplinary teams, task substitution, and telemedicine), augmenting kidney care financing, providing quality, up-to-date health information data, and improving the accessibility, affordability, and delivery of quality treatment (KRT or conservative kidney management) for all people living with kidney failure

Lenteur de propagation de la COVID-19 en Afrique subsaharienne : réalité ou sommet de l’iceberg ? Cas de la République Démocratique du Congo

Monsieur l’Editeur. Après la Chine, l’Europe et les Etats Unis d’Amérique, l’Afrique Subsaharienne (ASS) connait, depuis mars 2020, l’épidémie à COVID-19. Avant l’arrivée de cette épidémie, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et les Experts en santé prédisaient tous une propagation fulgurante de la COVID-19 en ASS avec une mortalité sans précédent (1-3). Cette prédiction apocalyptique de l’impact de l’épidémie à COVID-19 en ASS était fondée sur la conjonction de plusieurs facteurs de vulnérabilité incluant, entre autres, la fragilité du système de santé et de l’économie, la promiscuité interindividuelle et la pauvreté extrême des populations vivant au jour le jour sans provisions, l’endémicité de certaines pathologies chroniques pouvant faire le lit de la COVID-19, telles que l’infection à VIH/SIDA, le paludisme, la drépanocytose, la malnutrition (4-8), l’accès limité à l’eau potable et aux médicaments essentiels, le déni de la maladie lié à un taux élevé d’analphabétisme et les échanges commerciaux intenses avec des pays asiatiques et européens, tels que la Chine, la France, la Belgique et l’Italie (1). Cependant, force est de constater qu’après 8 semaines d’épidémie, la propagation de l’infection à virus « SARS-CoV-2 » et la maladie COVID-19 subséquente ne semble pas corroborer les prévisions et les projections faites en référence à l’épidémie en cours dans les pays cités ci-dessus (2). La propagation de l’épidémie à COVID-19 dans les pays de l’ASS parait moins rapide et peu mortelle avec des différences notables entre les pays (9). En effet, selon le rapport de l’OMS du 2 mai 2020, le nombre de cas biologiquement confirmés et de décès était estimé, après 8 semaines d’épidémie, à 27,973 cas et 1,013, soit une létalité de 3,6 % (10) avec l’Afrique Sud portant le plus lourd fardeau de la COVID-19. Dear Editor, following China, European countries like France and Italy, and United States of America (USA), sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are experiencing since March 2020 the epidemic of COVID-19. Before the occurrence of the epidemics, World Health Organization (WHO) Experts expected an exponential progression of COVID-19 with unprecedented number of deaths (1-3). Factors underlying this apocalyptic prediction included the weakness of health systems and economy, the high rate of illiteracy and poverty as well as the social promiscuity precluding the effective adoption of barriers measures against COVID-19 by communities most of which living with less than one USD, the coexistence of endemic diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, sickle cell disease that can accelerate the development and progression of COVID-19 (4-8), and the intensive commercial exchanges between SSA countries and China as well as European countries like France and Italy (1). In face of this expected apocalyptic picture, WHO Experts urged SSA Governments to anticipate on the negative health, social and economic impact of COVID-19 by learning from the experience gained by China and other countries and thus prepare and organize the response against this epidemic (1-3). However, eight weeks (May 2020) after the start of the epidemics in SSA, the rate of progression of COVID-19 and subsequent mortality appear to not corroborate the expected apocalyptic prediction of WHO Experts in comparison with the picture seen in aforementioned countries (2). Indeed, the rate of progression of COVID-19 in SSA is low with fewer deaths compared to that of European and Asian countries as well as USA

Recommandations de la Société Congolaise de Néphrologie (SOCONEPH) pour la Prise en Charge des Patients en Dialyse dans le contexte de Pandémie à COVID-19 : Recommendations of the Congolese Society of Nephrology for the Management of Dialysis Patients in the Context of a COVID-19 Pandemic

Patients on haemodialysis are likely to be at increased risk of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Preventive strategies must be implemented to minimize the risk of disease transmission in dialysis facilities, including education of staff and patients, screening for COVID-19 and separation of infected or symptomatic and non-infected patients. Les patients en hémodialyse présente un risqué élevé d’infection à SARS-Cov-2. Les stratégies préventives doivent donc être mises en place pour réduire le risque de transmission de la maladie en hémodialyse parmi lesquelles, l’éducation du staff médical ainsi que des patients, le screening de la maladie à COVID-19 ainsi que la séparation des patients infectés ou symptomatiques des non infectés. &nbsp

Frequency and factors associated with proteinuria in COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study

Proteinuria is a marker of severity and poor outcome of patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of proteinuria and the risk factors associated with proteinuria in Congolese COVID-19 patients. The present cross sectional study of proteinuria status is a post hoc analysis of data from 80 COVID-19 patients admitted at Kinshasa Medical Center (KMC) from March 10th to July 10th, 2020. The population under study came from all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with a laboratory diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of COVID-19 were selected and divided into two groups (positive proteinuria and negative proteinuria group). Logistic regression models helped to identify the factors associated with proteinuria. The P value significance level was 0.05. Among 80 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, 55% had proteinuria. The mean age was 55.2 ± 12.8 years. Fourty-seven patients (58.8%) had history of hypertension and 26 patients (32.5%) diabetes. Multivariable analysis showed age ≥65 years (aOR 5,04; 95% CI: 1.51-16.78), diabetes (aOR 3,15 ;95% CI :1.14-8.72), ASAT >40 UI/L (aOR 7,08;95% CI:2.40-20.87), ferritin >300 (aOR 13,47 ;95% CI :1.56-26.25) as factors independently associated with proteinuria in COVID-19 patients. Proteinuria is common in Congolese COVID-19 patients and is associated with age, diabetes, ferritin and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT)

Surveillance des décès aux Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (RDC) : la COVID-19 a-t-elle entraîné une surmortalité ? Monitoring of deaths at the Kinshasa University Hospital: has COVID-19 resulted in increase of mortality?

Context and objectives. The extent of COVID-19 impact on overall in-hospital mortality is controversial. The objectives of the study were to compare the number of deaths in the first semesters of 2018, 2019 and 2020; determine the proportion of COVID-19 cases and identify the factors associated with COVID-19 among the deaths recorded at the morgue of the Kinshasa University Hospital (KUH). Methods. We collected death certificates registered at the KUH morgue. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed using RT-PCR in all suspected subjects (from March 2020), including those who have arrived dead. Pearson’s khi-square, Student’s t-test, and logistic regression were used as statistical tests. Results. The number of deaths recorded in the first semester of 2019 (868 cases) was higher than in 2020 (768 cases) and 2018 (744 cases). In 2020, 45 deaths related to COVID-19 (6.0%) were reported. The risk of COVID-19 depended on the period (month of June 2020, OR: 5.69; p = 0.002), sex (female, 0R: 0.42; p = 0.024) and age (one additional year of age, OR: 1.02; p = 0.009). Conclusion: COVID-19 did not lead to excess intra-hospital mortality in the first semester of 2020. The proportion of the disease among deceased patients was more marked in June 2020 and the risk increased with age, especially in men. Contexte et objectifs. L’ampleur de la COVID-19 sur la mortalité intra-hospitalière globale suscite des controverses. Les objectifs de l’étude étaient de comparer le nombre de décès lors des premiers semestres de 2018, 2019 et 2020 ; déterminer la proportion des cas de COVID-19 et identifier les facteurs associés à la COVID-19 parmi les décès enregistrés à la morgue des Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK). Méthodes. Nous avons colligé les certificats des décès enregistrés à la morgue des CUK. La COVID-19 a été recherchée par la RT-PCR chez tous les sujets suspects y compris les arrivés morts (à partir de mars 2020). Le Khi carré de Pearson, le test t de Student et la régression logistique ont été utilisés comme tests statistiques. Résultats. Le nombre de décès enregistrés au premier semestre 2019 (868 cas) était plus élevé qu’en 2020 (768 cas) et 2018 (744 cas). En 2020, on a rapporté 45 décès liés à la COVID-19 (6,0 %). Le risque d’avoir la COVID-19 dépendait de la période (mois de juin 2020, OR : 5,69 ; p = 0,002), du sexe (femme, 0R : 0,42 ; p = 0,024) et de l’âge (une année d’âge supplémentaire, OR : 1,02 ; p = 0,009). Conclusion. La COVID-19 n’a pas entraîné de surmortalité intra-hospitalière au premier semestre de l’année 2020. La proportion de la maladie parmi les patients décédés était plus marquée au mois de juin 2020 et le risque augmentait avec l’âge, particulièrement chez les hommes

DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health prob lem with nearly 0.1% of the world’s population suffering from end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).1 The availability and accessibility to treatments for ESKD differ around the globe because of variations in healthcare budgets and availability of treatments. Although the prevalence of ESKD in low-income countries (LICs, 0.05%) and lower middle–income countries (L-MICs, 0.07%) is estimated to be lower than in high-income countries (HICs, 0.2%), or potentially underdiagnosed, the proportion of patients who are not receiving effective treatment is much higher in LICs (96%) and L-MICs (90%) compared with upper mid dle–income countries (U-MICs, 70%) and HICs (40%).2 In some L-MICs, it is impossible to support hemodialysis treatment for every ESKD patient, and most patients are unable to pay for dialysis out of pocke