On-site vibration test and dynamic response analysis of wind turbine of intertidal zone

In our study, the vibration signal of impulse response and attenuation response are extracted using the correlation function and power spectrum, and the natural frequency of wind turbine is determined. Compared with the rotation frequency of the blades of wind turbine which are 1p (one blade) and 3p (three blades), and wind vibration performance of the wind turbine is determined. The natural frequency of wind turbine is between the frequencies of one blade and three blades of wind turbine, which can avoid resonance phenomenon and meet the precision requirement for engineering application. The laws of acceleration and strain response along the wind turbine under ordinary wind load are obtained by installing acceleration sensor and strain gauge along the wind turbine. We found that the acceleration at the wind turbine top increases 10 times than that at the bottom. The acceleration influenced by tide is 1.14 times than that with no tide. The strain produced maximum value at the opening place of wind turbine and near the top, it should be paid attention in the engineering design

Effect Analysis of dynamic water pressure on dynamic response of offshore wind turbine tower

Compared with onshore wind turbine, the offshore wind turbine is more easily destroyed influenced by the complicated conditions at sea. In this study, a refined finite element model of offshore wind turbine in consideration of the soil-structure interaction is built. The dynamic response of the wind turbine tower in different water depths is investigated; then the weak positions of the wind turbine tower under earthquake is determined. We found that the water pressure on one side of the inflow face of pile foundation is the greatest; as the rate of flow increases, the negative water pressure on the contact surface increased more than the positive water pressure. The maximum displacement of the structure influenced by dynamic water pressure is located at the tower top, the maximum equivalent stress strain is located at two-thirds of the tower height, and the maximum bending moment appears at the bottom of the tower. When the water depth increases from 0 m to 5 m, the displacement and bending moment of wind tower structure increased by 29 % and 25 % respectively under the influence of dynamic water pressure; thus the influence of dynamic water pressure on the dynamic response of the structure should be paid attention to. Finally, the shaking table test of the wind turbine is conducted; the test results are compared with the numerical simulation results, and feasibility of the numerical simulation method was verified

Seismic Stability Analysis of Saturated and Unsaturated Soil Slopes Using Permanent Displacement

The permanent displacement has been widely used for slope seismic stability in practical engineering; however, the effect of the dynamic pore water pressure on the saturated and unsaturated soil slopes could not be neglected. In this paper, we propose a calculation method of dynamic pore water pressure by the hollow cylinder apparatus (GCTS) which is the most advanced and complicated device in lab testing on soil dynamics. Then, based on the proposed calculation method of dynamic pore water pressure combined with the limit equilibrium and finite element methods, we introduce a simple calculation method of permanent displacement, which avoids solving complex nonlinear equations and greatly simplifies the computational effort. Shaking table test results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the simple calculation method of permanent displacement, which could rapidly assess the soil slope seismic stability considering the effect of dynamic pore water pressure

Application Research of New Cementitious Composite Materials in Saline Soil Subgrade Aseismic Strengthening

Saline soil affected by earthquakes and groundwater can lead to subgrade subsidence and collapse in highway construction. Consequently, considering the potential activity of the waste slag and magnesia, new cementitious composite materials used in solid saline soil were developed in our study. The unconfined compressive strengths of the saline soil solidified by the new cementitious composite materials with a combination of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, gypsum, and mineral powder and cement were investigated, and the optimum dosage proportion of the new cementitious composite material for solidifying saline soil was determined; then the SEM, EDS, and XRD of the saline soil solidified by the new cementitious composite materials and cement were analysed. The research result showed that the saline soil solidified by our newly developed cementitious composite material showed compact internal structure and uniformly distributed soil particles; moreover, the new cementitious composite material exhibited a favourable solidifying effect on harmful ions in saline soil, and the Cl− trapping capacity of the new cementitious composite materials was stronger than that of cement. Finally, our developed cementitious composite material was applied to saline soil subgrade strengthening, and the displacement, acceleration, excess pore water pressure, and damage degree of the subgrade strengthening by our newly developed cementitious composite materials decreased remarkably; therefore, our newly developed cementitious composite material can improve the seismic behaviour of the saline soil subgrade and show potential future engineering application value

Monitoring of deployment process of shape memory polymers for morphing structures with embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors

This article demonstrates the use of embedded fibre Bragg gratings as vector bending sensor to monitor two-dimensional shape deformation of a shape memory polymer plate. The shape memory polymer plate was made by using thermal-responsive epoxy-based shape memory polymer materials, and the two fibre Bragg grating sensors were orthogonally embedded, one on the top and the other on the bottom layer of the plate, in order to measure the strain distribution in both longitudinal and transverse directions separately and also with temperature reference. When the shape memory polymer plate was bent at different angles, the Bragg wavelengths of the embedded fibre Bragg gratings showed a red-shift of 50 pm/°caused by the bent-induced tensile strain on the plate surface. The finite element method was used to analyse the stress distribution for the whole shape recovery process. The strain transfer rate between the shape memory polymer and optical fibre was also calculated from the finite element method and determined by experimental results, which was around 0.25. During the experiment, the embedded fibre Bragg gratings showed very high temperature sensitivity due to the high thermal expansion coefficient of the shape memory polymer, which was around 108.24 pm/°C below the glass transition temperature (Tg) and 47.29 pm/°C above Tg. Therefore, the orthogonal arrangement of the two fibre Bragg grating sensors could provide a temperature compensation function, as one of the fibre Bragg gratings only measures the temperature while the other is subjected to the directional deformation

<i>V</i>_s30 Prediction Models Based on Measured Shear-Wave Velocities in Tangshan, China

Vs30 (equivalent shear-wave velocity of soil layers within a depth of 30 m underground) is widely used in the field of seismic engineering; however, due to the limitation of funds, time, measuring devices, and other factors, the depth for testing shear-wave velocity in an engineering site rarely reaches 30 m underground. Therefore, it is necessary to predict Vs30 effectively. We analyzed the existing models using 343 boreholes with depths greater than 30 m in Tangshan, China. It shows that the topographic slope method is not suitable for predicting Vs30 in Tangshan. The Boore (2011) model overestimates, while Boore (2004) underestimates Vs30 in Tangshan, while Junju Xie’s (2016) model has ideal prediction results. We propose three new models in this paper, including the bottom constant velocity (BCV) model, linear model, and conditional independent model. We find that the BCV model has limited prediction ability, and the linear model is more suitable when z ≤ 18 m, while the conditional independent model shows good performance under conditions where z > 18 m. We propose that the model can be accurately and effectively applied in Tangshan and other regions with low shear-wave velocity

Determination of 31 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Plant Leaves Using Internal Standard Method with Ultrasonic Extraction&ndash;Gas Chromatography&ndash;Mass Spectrometry

The method for the determination of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plant leaves has been studied extensively, yet the quantitativemethod for measuring non-priority PAHs in plant leaves is limited. A method for the simultaneous determination of 31 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plant leaves was established using an ultrasonic extraction&ndash;gas chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry&ndash;internal standard method. The samples of plant leaves were extracted with ultrasonic extraction and purified with solid-phase extraction columns. The PAHs were separated by using gas chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry equipped with a DB-EUPAH capillary column (20 m &times; 0.18 mm &times; 0.14 &mu;m) with a selective ion monitoring (SIM) detection mode, and quantified with an internal standard. The method had good linearity in the range of 0.005~1.0 &mu;g/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99, and the method detection limit and maximum quantitative detection limit were in the ranges of 0.2~0.7 &mu;g/kg and 0.8~2.8 &mu;g/kg, respectively. The method was verified with spiked recovery experiments. The average spiked recovery ranged from 71.0% to 97.6% and relative standard deviations (n = 6) were less than 14%. Herein, we established a quantitativemethod for the simultaneous determination of priority and non-priority PAHs in plant leaves using GC&ndash;MS. The method is highly sensitive and qualitatively accurate, and it is suitable for the determination of PAHs in plant leaves