Stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the Carboniferous System in South China

<div><p>The Carboniferous System of South China is famous for its well-developed rock sequence, variety of depositional types, and abundant fossils. Three established Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) markers have been identified in several sections in South China. Of these sections, the Pengchong section is the GSSP for the base of the Visean Stage, whereas the Dapoushang and Naqing (Nashui) sections are excellent reference sections for the bases of the Tournaisian and Bashkirian stages, respectively. Other sections have good potential for the four unestablished GSSPs and the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary in South China. The Naqing (Nashui) section is a candidate for the GSSPs of four stages: the Serpukhovian, Moscovian, Kasimovian, and Gzhelian stages. The regional stages of China include the Tangbagouan, Jiusian, Shangsian, Dewuan, Luosuan, Huashibanian, Dalaun, and Xiaodushanian. The history, definitions, reference sections, sedimentary characteristics, biostratigraphy, and correlations of these Chinese regional stages are summarized. A Carboniferous stratigraphic chart of South China is provided, showing the correlation of global chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic units with those in South China and the lithostratigraphic units of various areas in South China. The chart is presented as a new practical framework for the stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the Carboniferous System in South China.</p></div

In Situ Observation and Growth Kinetics of Bainite Laths in the Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of 2.25Cr-1Mo Heat-Resistant Steel During Simulated Welding

Austenite → bainite transformation has been documented in situ by confocal scanning laser microscope, and bainite growth kinetics has been quantified in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Four typical nucleation sites of bainite laths have been identified. In addition, growth rate of nine distinctive bainite laths varies from 9 to 200 μm/s, depending on the degree of supercooling and nucleation sites of bainite laths

Mechanically Reconfigurable Pd Nanogroove Array: An Ultrasensitive Optical Hydrogen Detector

Low-cost hydrogen sensors, designed for ultrasensitive, reliable, and rapid identification of hydrogen gas (H₂), are extremely desired in almost all hydrogen-related applications in the forthcoming hydrogen economy, including crude oil refinement, hydrogen-fueled vehicles, and molecular hydrogen therapy. Here, we first report on the experimental realization of an ultrasensitive optical hydrogen sensor based on a new type of flexible palladium (Pd) nanogroove array. Each groove can be driven synchronously by absorbed hydrogen, with the assistance of the underneath elastic substrate, to mechanically reconfigure itself and thus amplify the spectral shift of plasmon resonance for hydrogen sensing. Our experimental results show a plasmon resonance with a narrow line width of 74 nm, which has a wavelength shift of 18 nm after exposed to 4% H₂ in nitrogen gas (N₂). In addition, the extremely high relative reflectance change of 400% was achieved, giving rise to an ultralow H₂ (in N₂) detection limit of 0.1% and sensing resolution of 0.013% in the low H₂ volume concentration regime. Meantime, exposure to H₂ causes a rapid and reversible change in reflectance on a time scale of seconds. This pronounced performance suggests that our flexible Pd nanogroove array provides a promising optical hydrogen detection scheme for practical applications

Additional file 1 of Higher insoluble fiber intake is associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer: results from the PLCO cohort

Supplementary Material

Docking and refinement results.

a<p>PDB codes for the bound-unbound docking problems are shown in italics. All others are unbound-unbound cases.</p

Funnel-like function and underestimator at a set of local minima indicated by small squares.

<p>Funnel-like function and underestimator at a set of local minima indicated by small squares.</p

RMSD vs. energy plots for predictions from 10 independent SDU2 runs for the first near-native clusters of 10 randomly chosen protein complexes.

<p>The rigid body prediction before SDU2 refinement is indicated by a black circle and the SDU2 predictions by blue asterisks. (Note that some of the latter points overlap.)</p

SDU1 (A) and SDU2 (B) trajectories in the near-native cluster for 4HTC.

<p>Translational and rotational distances plotted in the horizontal and vertical axes, are defined as ∥<b>r</b>¹−<b>r</b>⁰∥ and ∥<i>ω</i>¹−<i>ω</i>⁰∥, respectively, where (<b>r</b>¹,<i>ω</i>¹) denotes the position and orientation of the ligand and (<b>r</b>⁰,<i>ω</i>⁰) are the corresponding values in the native state. The points are color-coded depending on their energy (in Kcal/mol as shown on the right), and the points in the squares show the best local minimum in each iteration.</p

Tunable Fabry–Pérot Resonator with Dynamic Structural Color: A Visual and Ultrasensitive Hydrogen Sensor

Hydrogen detection is crucial for the forthcoming hydrogen economy. Here, we present a visual, ultrasensitive, optical hydrogen sensor based on a tunable Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator, which can fully release the volume expansion of palladium during hydrogenation and transfer this volume expansion into an optical signal. The FP resonator consists of a suspended polymethylmethacrylate/palladium (PMMA/Pd) bilayer on a gold (Au) square-hole array. The bottom of the gold square hole and hydrogen-sensitive PMMA/Pd bilayer form a dynamically tunable FP resonator. When hydrogen gas (H2) is loaded, the hydrogen-induced lateral expanding stress concavely deforms the suspended bilayer downward to the substrate, narrowing the metal–air–metal gap at the center of the hole, and finally leading to a spectral blue shift. Our experimental results show a giant spectral shift of 279 nm with a reflectance variation of 57% on exposure to 0.6% H2 mixed with air. Such an ultrahigh optical response results in a significant color change, enabling visual hydrogen detection. In addition, the sensor has a H2 detection limit down to 0.1% and good recyclability. These advantages indicate that the sensor has excellent potential for hydrogen sensing applications

Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of PLA2R related idiopathic membranous nephropathy in patients with seronegative PLA2R antibodies

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) with deposits of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antigen in glomerular tissue (GAg+) but no circulating serum PLA2R antibody (SAb−) has been reported. However, little is known about the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of this subtype. A total of 74 IMN patients with GAg + identified by kidney biopsy were enrolled in this study. We categorized patients into two groups based on the presence or absence of serum PLA2R antibody. Data on clinical features, pathological features, and outcomes were collected. Kaplan–Meier analysis of complete remission (CR) and partial remission (PR) comparing SAb−/GAg + and SAb+/GAg + patients. Cox proportional hazards models was used to examine factors associated with CR and PR. Among 74 IMN patients, 14 were SAb−/GAg+. Compared with SAb+/GAg + patients, SAb−/GAg + patients presented with higher levels of albumin, lower levels of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (all p p = .01) and high cholesterol (1.81 [95%CI: 1.02–3.19], p = .04) were correlated with seropositivity of PLA2R antibody. SAb−/GAg + patients exhibited a significantly higher probability of CR (p = .03) than patients who were SAb+/GAg+. However, no difference was found in the PR rate. Cox regression analyses showed that compared to SAb+/GAg + patients, SAb−/GAg + was more predictive of complete remission (4.28 [95%CI: 1.01–18.17], p = .04). IMN with PLA2R staining on kidney biopsy but without serum PLA2R antibody has milder clinical manifestations and a better prognosis.</p