The Role of Phytol Degradation in Chlorophyll and Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Metabolism

The phytol degradation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was studied. Phytol is the hydrophobic side of chlorophyll and is considered to be most abundant isoprenoid molecule in the biosphere. But the degradation of phytol in plants is largely elusive. To study the phytol degradation pathway in plants, phytol and phytol-related lipids, including phytenal, tocopherol, chlorophyll and fatty acid phytyl ester were analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants under nitrogen deprivation or phytol supplementation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high pressure liquid chromatography, Quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry and Quadrupole-ion trap mass spectrometry were used in biochemical analysis. Besides, the subcellular localization and enzymatic function of AtHPCL was studied. Chlorotic stress induced by nitrogen deprivation or phytol supplementation results in the increase of phytol and phytol-related lipids, including chlorophyll, phytenal, tocopherol and fatty acid phytyl ester in Arabidopsis thaliana hpcl and pahx mutants, not in the alpha-Dox1, alpha-Dox2 single mutants and alpha-Dox1-alpha-Dox2 double mutant. AtHPCL is localized to peroxisomes and indeed harbors 2-hydroxy-acyl-CoA lyase activity, which is dependent on TPP. To summarize, 1) AtHPCL is localized to peroxisomes; 2) AtHPCL has TPP-dependent 2-hydroxy-acyl-CoA lyase activity; 3) The phytol degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana requires PAHX and HPCL; 4) alphaDOX1 and alphaDOX2 do not participate in phytol degradation

An NIP-like Notion in Abstract Elementary Classes

This paper is a contribution to "neo-stability" type of result for abstract elementary classes. Under certain set theoretic assumptions, we propose a definition and a characterization of NIP in AECs. The class of AECs with NIP properly contains the class of stable AECs. We show that for an AEC $K$ and $\lambda\geq LS(K)$, $K_\lambda$ is NIP if and only if there is a notion of nonforking on it which we call a w*-good frame. On the other hand, the negation of NIP leads to being able to encode subsets

Building models in small cardinals in local abstract elementary classes

There are many results in the literature where superstablity-like independence notions, without any categoricity assumptions, have been used to show the existence of larger models. In this paper we show that stability is enough to construct larger models for small cardinals assuming a mild locality condition for Galois types. $\mathbf{Theorem.}$ Suppose $\lambda<2^{\aleph_0}$. Let $\mathbf{K}$ be an abstract elementary class with $\lambda \geq \operatorname{LS}(\mathbf{K})$. Assume $\mathbf{K}$ has amalgamation in $\lambda$, no maximal model in $\lambda$, and is stable in $\lambda$. If $\mathbf{K}$ is $(<\lambda^+, \lambda)$-local, then $\mathbf{K}$ has a model of cardinality $\lambda^{++}$. The set theoretic assumption that $\lambda<2^{\aleph_0}$ and model theoretic assumption of stability in $\lambda$ can be weaken to the model theoretic assumptions that $|\mathbf{S}^{na}(M)|< 2^{\aleph_0}$ for every $M \in \mathbf{K}_\lambda$ and stability for $\lambda$-algebraic types in $\lambda$. We further use the result just mentioned to provide a positive answer to Grossberg's question for small cardinals assuming a mild locality condition for Galois types and without any stability assumptions. This last result relies on an unproven claim of Shelah (Fact 4.5 of this paper) which we were unable to verify

RotationDrag: Point-based Image Editing with Rotated Diffusion Features

A precise and user-friendly manipulation of image content while preserving image fidelity has always been crucial to the field of image editing. Thanks to the power of generative models, recent point-based image editing methods allow users to interactively change the image content with high generalizability by clicking several control points. But the above mentioned editing process is usually based on the assumption that features stay constant in the motion supervision step from initial to target points. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive investigation in the feature space of diffusion models, and find that features change acutely under in-plane rotation. Based on this, we propose a novel approach named RotationDrag, which significantly improves point-based image editing performance when users intend to in-plane rotate the image content. Our method tracks handle points more precisely by utilizing the feature map of the rotated images, thus ensuring precise optimization and high image fidelity. Furthermore, we build a in-plane rotation focused benchmark called RotateBench, the first benchmark to evaluate the performance of point-based image editing method under in-plane rotation scenario on both real images and generated images. A thorough user study demonstrates the superior capability in accomplishing in-plane rotation that users intend to achieve, comparing the DragDiffusion baseline and other existing diffusion-based methods. See the project page https://github.com/Tony-Lowe/RotationDrag for code and experiment results.Comment: Code is released at https://github.com/Tony-Lowe/RotationDra

Enhancing Ammonium and Bicarbonate Tolerance in Chlorella sorokiniana Through EMS-Induced Mutagenesis

This study explores the enhancement of ammonium and bicarbonate tolerance in Chlorella sorokiniana via EMS-induced mutagenesis, aimed at improving the microalgae\u27s resilience and growth under high-stress conditions of elevated NH4+ and HCO3 concentrations. By mutating C. sorokiniana using EMS, we developed mutant strains capable of thriving in conditions that are inhibitory to the wild type strain. The successful adaptation of these strains demonstrates a significant increase in biomass production and tolerance to environmental stressors, highlighting the potential of EMS mutagenesis in industrial algal applications for sustainable biofuel production and environmental remediation