Enhancing Audio Signal Quality and Learning Experience with Integrated Covariance Weiner Filtering in College Music Education

In recent years, computer music technology has become increasingly prevalent in college music education, offering new possibilities for creative expression and pedagogical approaches. This paper concentrated on the music education in the colleges with the application of integrated time and frequency filtering (ITFF) with Kalman integrated covariance Weiner filtering in college music education. The ITFF technique combines time and frequency domain analysis to enhance the quality and clarity of audio signals. By integrating the Kalman integrated covariance Weiner filtering, the ITFF method provides robust noise reduction and improved signal representation. This integrated approach enables music educators to effectively analyze and manipulate audio signals in real-time, fostering a more immersive and engaging learning environment for students. The findings of this study highlight the benefits and potential applications of ITFF with Kalman-integrated covariance Weiner filtering in college music education, including audio signal enhancement, sound synthesis, and interactive performance systems. The integration of computer music technology with advanced filtering techniques presents new opportunities for exploring sound, composition, and music production within an educational context

Investigation of Time-Difference-Of-Arrival Localization Method for Non-Line-Of-Sight Scenarios

A novel localization concept, which considers non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, is proposed in this dissertation. By introducing a transfer function that relates the field at a given receiver to the source as a function of frequency and position, the NLOS effects can be mitigated and the propagation channel can be calibrated back to free space. The conventional Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method under Line-of-Sight (LOS) and noisy conditions is implemented first, and then the theory is extended to the proposed method, which de-embeds the transfer function and extends the TDOA method to account for NLOS effects. A global search method and an iterative method are both introduced, based on the concept of de-embedding the transfer function. This involves using processed received signals (received signals after de-embedding the corresponding transfer functions). The localization accuracy achieved using the iterative method for various NLOS scenarios is investigated, including a refraction problem, a near field problem, and a scattering problem. Subsequently, the study is further extended to allow for multiple reflection effects. Three different models are provided. First, a parallel-wall model considers the case when the reflections are basically coming from a single horizontal direction. A 3D localization model and 2D enclosed wall model are then also presented to illustrate cases when the reflections come from either the vertical or the two horizontal directions. A hybrid iterative method, combining the iterative method and the global search method, is proposed to solve the problem of convergence that occurs when the transmitted signal is operating at high frequencies (so that the enclosed area of interest is large compared with a wavelength), especially with a narrow frequency bandwidth. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs much better than the usual TDOA localization method, and the accuracy is only limited by the sampling frequency. An experiment (performed at Sandia National Laboratories) is set up to verify the improvement in using the proposed method vs. the usual TDOA method.Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department o

Resolved Raman sideband cooling of a single optically trapped cesium atom

We developed a resolved Raman sideband cooling scheme that can efficiently prepare a single optically trapped cesium (Cs) atom in its motional ground states. A two-photon Raman process between two outermost Zeeman sublevels in a single hyperfine state is applied to reduce the phonon number. Our scheme is less sensitive to the variation in the magnetic field than the commonly used scheme where the two outermost Zeeman sublevels belonging to the two separate ground hyperfine states are taken. Fast optical pumping with less spontaneous emission guarantees the efficiency of the cooling process. After cooling for 50 ms, 82% of the Cs atoms populate their three-dimensional ground states. Our scheme improves the long-term stability of Raman sideband cooling in the presence of magnetic field drift and is thus suitable for cooling other trapped atoms or ions with abundant magnetic sublevels.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Coherence time of 20 s with a single cesium atom in an optical dipole trap

We analyze the decoherence between two ground electronic states of an optically trapped atom by adopting a full description of the atomic wavefunction. The motional state, i.e., the phonon state, is taken into account. In addition to the decoherence due to the variance of differential light shift (DLS), a new decoherence mechanism, phonon-jumping-induced decoherence (PJID), is discovered and verified experimentally. A coherence time of $T_2\approx 20$ s is then obtained for a single Cs atom by suppressing both variances of DLS and PJID by trapping the atom in a blue-detuned BBT and preparing the atom into its three-dimensional motional ground states. Our work opens a new prospect to extend the coherence time of optically trapped single atoms.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures in the main text; 6 pages, 8 figures in the supplementary materia

Geometric morphometric analysis of the pronotum and elytron in stag beetles: insight into its diversity and evolution

Stag beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Lucanidae) have received extensive attention from researchers in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology. There have been no previous quantitative analyses, particularly using a geometric morphometric approach based on a large sample of data, to shed light on the morphological diversity and evolution of Lucanidae. Thoracic adaptation and ecological differentiation are intimately related, and the pronotum bears important muscles and supports the locomotion of prothoracic legs. The elytron is an autapomorphy of the Coleoptera. To reconstruct and visualize the patterns of evolutionary diversification and phylogenetic history of shape change, an ancestral groundplan can be reconstructed by mapping geometric morphometric data onto a phylogenetic tree. In this study, the morphologies of the pronotum and elytron in 1303 stag beetles (Lucanidae), including approximately 99.2% of all globally described species, were examined, thus revealing several aspects of morphological diversity and evolution. First, on the basis of geometric morphometric analysis, we found significant morphological differences in the pronotum or elytron between any two Lucanidae subfamilies. And we subsequently reconstructed the ancestral groundplans of the two structures in stag beetles and compared them with those of extant species (through cladistic and geometric morphometric methods). The ancestral groundplan of Lucanidae was found to be most similar to extant Nicagini in both the pronotum and elytron, according to Mahalanobis distances. Furthermore, we analyzed species richness and morphological diversity of stag beetles and the relationships between them and found that the two parameters were not always correlated. Aesalinae was found to be the most diverse subfamily in both the pronotum and elytron, despite its poor species richness, and the diversity of the pronotum or elytron was not superior in Lucaninae, despite its high species richness. Our study provides insights into the morphological variations and evolutionary history of the pronotum and elytron in four subfamilies of stag beetles, and it illuminates the relationship between morphological diversity and species richness. Intriguingly, our analysis indicates that morphological diversity and species richness are not always correlated. These findings may stimulate further studies in this field

The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg

Flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini) are a hyperdiverse group of organisms with approximately 9900 species worldwide. In addition to walking as most insects do, nearly all the species of flea beetles have an ability to jump and this ability is commonly understood as one of the key adaptations responsible for its diversity. Our investigation of flea beetle jumping is based on high-speed filming, micro- CT scans and 3D reconstructions, and provides a mechanical description of the jump. We reveal that the flea beetle jumping mechanism is a catapult in nature and is enabled by a small structure in the hind femur called an ‘elastic plate’ which powers the explosive jump and protects other structures from potential injury. The explosive catapult jump of flea beetles involves a unique ‘high-efficiency mechanism’ and ‘positive feedback mechanism’. As this catapult mechanism could inspire the design of bionic jumping limbs, we provide a preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg, which could be a resource for the bionics industry

Dynamic Succession of Microbial Communities in Soybean Paste Made with Broomcorn Millet as an Additive and Its Correlation with Flavor and Nutritional Properties during the Brewing Process

To obtain a full understanding the quality and microbial characteristics of soybean paste made from a mixture of soybean and broomcorn millet flour, its physicochemical properties (amino nitrogen and nitrite), and total phenols (TP), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), free amino acids (FAAs), volatile compounds, and microbial community composition were investigated. The results showed that the amino nitrogen content increased to 0.71%, and the nitrite content decreased to within the standard range (1.37 mg/kg). The contents of TP, key FAAs and volatile compounds increased significantly during the fermentation process. The core microbial communities included Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. The results of correlation analysis confirmed that bacteria (Bacillus, Knoellia, and Blastococcus) and fungi (Epicoccum and Saccharomyces) played a significant role in the bioactivity changes and flavor generation in soybean paste. This study will be of great significance for understanding the quality and flavor of novel soybean paste made with cereal flour as an additive

Mulberry Leaf Regulates Differentially Expressed Genes in Diabetic Mice Liver Based on RNA-Seq Analysis

The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is a complicated process involving much gene regulation. The molecular mechanism of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf in the treatment of diabetes is not fully understood. In this study, we used the Illumina HiSeq™ 2,500 platform to explore the liver transcriptome of normal mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice, and mulberry leaf-treated diabetic mice, and we obtained 52,542,956, 52,626,414, and 52,780,196 clean reads, respectively. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the pathogenesis of diabetes in mice. The functional properties of DEGs were characterized by comparison with the GO and KEGG databases, and the results show that DEGs are mainly involved in the metabolic pathway. qRT-PCR was used to analyse 27 differential genes involved in liver expression in different groups of diabetic mice. Among the DEGs, the expression of Scube1, Spns3, Ly6a, Igf2, and other genes between the control (C) and diabetic control (DC) groups was significantly upregulated; the expression of Grb10, Mup2, and Fasn was significantly downregulated; the expression of the Sqle, Lss, and Irs2 genes between the C group and diabetic group treated with mulberry (DD) was significantly upregulated; the expression of Fabp2, Ly6a, and Grb10 was significantly downregulated; and the expression of Sqle and Lss was significantly upregulated in the DC and DD groups, but Tap1, Igf2, and Spns3 were significantly downregulated. The results of Western blot validation showed that dynamic changes in proteins, such as IGF2, Ly6a, Grb10, and UBD, occurred to regulate the incidence of diabetes by influencing the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling pathway

Revisiting the concentration observations and source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia

While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on whether agricultural or non-agricultural emissions dominate the urban ammonia budget. Identifying the ammonia source by nitrogen isotope helps in designing a mitigation strategy for policymakers, but existing methods have not been well validated. Revisiting the concentration measurements and identifying source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia is thus an essential step towards reducing ammonia emissions