Estudio de las perspectivas de metas de los ajedrecistas de la selección provincial de La Habana (Original)

This research characterizes the goal perspectives of high-performance chess players from Havana. Havana's chess team athletes show results below expectations, their goal perspectives and participation motives may be highly related with how they assume the preparation process and face competitive events. The composition "What I like most about chess", a questionnaire about motives for playing chess and the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) are applied as techniques. As results, it is obtained that these chess players are involved towards the task, with average scores in ego orientation. The main reasons for practice are fun and well-being, competition, challenge, and psychological qualities and skills.Esta investigación presenta como objetivo caracterizar las perspectivas de metas de los ajedrecistas de alto rendimiento de La Habana. Partiendo de que estos atletas no logran los resultados esperados en competencia; sus perspectivas de metas pueden tener mucho que ver con cómo asumen el proceso de preparación y enfrentan los eventos competitivos. Se aplican como técnicas la composición “Lo que más me gusta del ajedrez”, el Autoinforme de motivos para la práctica del ajedrez, y el Test de Orientación al Ego o la Tarea (TEOSQ). Como resultados se obtiene que estos ajedrecistas están implicados hacia la tarea, con puntuaciones medias en la orientación al ego. Los principales motivos de práctica son diversión y bienestar, competición, desafío, y cualidades y destrezas psicológicas. Estos resultados permiten que el especialista conozca cuáles son los motivos que rigen la actividad del ajedrecista para poder orientarlos, apoyarlos y acompañarlos oportunamente en la consecución de sus metas

Influência da família no desenvolvimento de habilidades de processamento numérico em crianças pré-escolares

Introduction: competence in mathematics is related to the development of basic skills for number processing (symbolic and non-symbolic) from early stages of development and before formal schooling. There is evidence that the home environment provides experiences that facilitate the acquisition of specific math-related skills. Objective: to identify activities and relationship styles present in the family setting that are good predictors of numerical processing and arithmetic performance in Cuban preschool children. Method: between September and November 2019, 82 Cuban preschoolers and their parents were evaluated through a non-experimental transactional study, with a descriptive-correlational nature. The instruments used were the Numeracy Screener and Parent Questionnaire, both adapted to the Cuban context at the Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Results: the development of specific skills for basic numerical processing, in symbolic and non-symbolic format, significantly predicted mathematical performance in the sample studied. It was confirmed that the presence in the family of relationship styles and activities that include numerical and quantitative content favors the development of numerical processing skills in preschool children.Conclusions: among the most significant factors found were: parental education, their experiences and attitudes towards mathematics and the frequency with which they share formal numerical practices with their children at home.Introducción: la competencia en matemáticas se encuentra relacionada con el desarrollo de habilidades básicas para el procesamiento numérico (simbólico y no simbólico) desde etapas tempranas del desarrollo y antes de la escolarización formal. Existe evidencia a favor de que el ambiente del hogar proporciona experiencias que facilitan la adquisición de habilidades específicas relacionadas con las matemáticas. Objetivo: identificar actividades y estilos de relación presentes en el marco familiar que son buenos predictores del procesamiento numérico y el rendimiento aritmético de niños preescolares cubanos. Método: entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019 se evaluaron 82 preescolares cubanos y sus padres a través de un estudio no experimental de tipo transeccional, con un carácter descriptivo-correlacional. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Numeracy Screener y Cuestionario para Padres, ambos adaptados al contexto cubano en el Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Resultados: el desarrollo de habilidades específicas para el procesamiento numérico básico, en formato simbólico y no simbólico, predijo de forma significativa el rendimiento matemático en la muestra estudiada. Se confirmó que la presencia en el marco familiar de estilos de relación y actividades que incluyen contenido numérico y cuantitativo, favorece el desarrollo de habilidades para el procesamiento numérico en los niños preescolares.Conclusiones: entre los factores más significativos se encontraron: escolaridad de los padres, sus experiencias y actitudes hacia las matemáticas y la frecuencia con que comparten prácticas formales numéricas con sus hijos en el hogar.Introdução: a competência em matemática está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de habilidades básicas para processamento de números (simbólicos e não simbólicos) desde as fases iniciais do desenvolvimento e antes da escolarização formal. Há evidências de que o ambiente domiciliar proporciona experiências que facilitam a aquisição de habilidades específicas relacionadas à matemática. Objetivo: identificar atividades e estilos de relacionamento presentes no ambiente familiar que sejam bons preditores de processamento numérico e desempenho aritmético em crianças pré-escolares cubanas. Método: entre setembro e novembro de 2019, 82 pré-escolares cubanos e seus pais foram avaliados por meio de um estudo transacional não experimental, de natureza descritivo-correlacional. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Numeracy Screener e o Parent Questionnaire, ambos adaptados ao contexto cubano no Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba. Resultados: o desenvolvimento de habilidades específicas para processamento numérico básico, em formato simbólico e não simbólico, predisse significativamente o desempenho matemático na amostra estudada. Confirmou-se que a presença na família de estilos de relacionamento e atividades que incluem conteúdos numéricos e quantitativos favorece o desenvolvimento de habilidades de processamento numérico em crianças pré-escolares.Conclusiones: entre os fatores mais significativos foram encontrados: a educação dos pais, suas experiências e atitudes em relação à matemática e a frequência com que compartilham práticas numéricas formais com seus filhos em casa

REGISTROS DE MURCIÉLAGOS PARA EL ESTADO DE GUERRERO, MÉXICO

Information on geographic distribution, habitat, measurements, and reproductive condition of nine species of bats from Guerrero, Mexico, is provided. Four species are the second records for the State (Choeroniscus godmani, Myotis auriculus apache, Myotis thysanodes aztecus and Nyctinomops femorosaccus), three are the third record (Musonycteris harrisoni, Chiroderma salvini scopaeum and Enchisthenes hartii), and two are the fourth record (Hylonycteris underwoodi minor and Myotis californicus mexicanus)Se aporta información sobre la distribución, hábitat, medidas y condición reproductiva de nueve especies de murciélagos del estado de Guerrero, México. Cuatro especies representan el segundo registro para el estado (Choeroniscus godmani, Myotis auriculus apache, Myotis thysanodes aztecus y Nyctinomops femorosaccus), tres representan el tercer registro (Musonycteris harrisoni, Chiroderma salvini scopaeum y Enchisthenes hartii), y dos son el cuarto registro (Hylonycteris underwoodi minor y Myotis californicus mexicanus)

Phenylpropanoid Glycoside Analogues: Enzymatic Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity and Theoretical Study of Their Free Radical Scavenger Mechanism

Phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) are natural compounds present in several medicinal plants that have high antioxidant power and diverse biological activities. Because of their low content in plants (less than 5% w/w), several chemical synthetic routes to produce PPGs have been developed, but their synthesis is a time consuming process and the achieved yields are often low. In this study, an alternative and efficient two-step biosynthetic route to obtain natural PPG analogues is reported for the first time. Two galactosides were initially synthesized from vanillyl alcohol and homovanillyl alcohol by a transgalactosylation reaction catalyzed by Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase in saturated lactose solutions with a 30%–35% yield. To synthesize PPGs, the galactoconjugates were esterified with saturated and unsaturated hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives using Candida antarctica Lipase B (CaL-B) as a biocatalyst with 40%–60% yields. The scavenging ability of the phenolic raw materials, intermediates and PPGs was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) method. It was found that the biosynthesized PPGs had higher scavenging abilities when compared to ascorbic acid, the reference compound, while their antioxidant activities were found similar to that of natural PPGs. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to determine that the PPGs antioxidant mechanism proceeds through a sequential proton loss single electron transfer (SPLET). The enzymatic process reported in this study is an efficient and versatile route to obtain PPGs from different phenylpropanoid acids, sugars and phenolic alcohols

Actividad antimicrobiana del extracto etanólico de las hojas pos cosecha de Lycopersicum esculentum L frente a Staphylococus aureus y Escherichia coli

El género Solanum tiene su especie Solanum lycopersicum y algunas otras sub especies, cuya actividad antibacterial ha sido muy poco estudiada. Sólo se conoce un estudio de sus Aceites, las que presentaron actividad giardicida. (Barraza, 2011), sin embargo, es muy utilizada en la medicina tradicional. En este trabajo de investigación se pretende contribuir al conocimiento fitoquímico de las hojas pos cosecha, puesto que los reportes de metabolitos de esta parte del fruto son escasos. Esta especie fue recolectada en la provincia de Ica, y fue clasificada en la facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional “San Luis Gonzaga” de Ica, como Lycopersicum esculentum L., cuyo nombre vulgar es tomate. Se acondicionó la muestra. Luego se realizó una extracción etanólica, determinándose un mayor rendimiento en la maceración durante 7 días, para su posterior eliminación. En la marcha fitoquímica del extracto etanólico se comprobó la presencia de saponinas, taninos condensados, flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos, ausencia de triterpenos y esteroides, usencia también de alcaloides. En la evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana del extracto etanólico, se observó actividad frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli, por lo que resultó ser una especie con un futuro promisorio para la elaboración de fitofármacos, en la industria de los medicamentos y alimentos, etc

Trastornos psicológicos en los adolescentes: Una visión general

El trastorno psicológico más frecuente del mundo actual es, sin lugar a dudas, la depresión. Los problemas de falta de recursos económicos y las cada vez mayores exigencias sociales para ir al ritmo de la vida «moderna», unidos a la soledad y a frecuentes dificultades para establecer relaciones afectivas duraderas y gratificantes son algunas de las causas del trastorno depresivo. Sin embargo, de toda la población, los adolescentes y ancianos son actualmente los grupos más vulnerables a padecer este tipo de trastorno, junto depresión. A otros como la ansiedad, el alcoholismo y la demencia. Los expertos insisten en que, en la mayoría de los casos, un adecuado diagnóstico y un manejo terapéutico oportunos pueden ser la clave para el correcto abordaje de este tipo de alteraciones

Identification of insect-deterrent metabolites from acremonium masseei strain CICY026, a saprophytic fungus from a sinkhole in Yucatán

Micromycetes from unexplored sources represent an opportunity to discover novel natural products to control insect pests. With this aim, a strain of Acremonium masseei CICY026 isolated from a tropical sinkhole was identified, cultured on fermented rice, and its ethyl acetate extract (EAE) was evaluated against three serious phytophagous insects (Bemisia tabaci, Myzus persicae, and Rhopalosiphum padi). DNA from A. masseei CICY026 was used to confirm its identity. EAE caused settling inhibition (SI) of M. persicae and R. padi (67.5% and 75.3%, respectively). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the active EAE led to the isolation of a novel metabolite, named hexahydroacremonintriol (1), and of acremonin A glucoside (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined using IR, one- and two-dimensional NMR, HRMS, and confirmed by theoretical data. The aphid M. persicae was noticeably sensitive to 1 and 2 (SI: 55.6% and 67.2%, respectively), whereas R. padi was only slightly affected by 1 (SI: 59%). This new knowledge about mycobiota from these special sinkhole ecosystems will inform the development of new biorational pesticides.This work was supported by CONACyT project number CB-132156, PDCPN-2015-266, and partially by Grant CTQ2015-64049-C3-1-R, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain (MINECO/FEDER).Peer reviewe

Safety and immunogenicity of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine in COVID-19 convalescent participants: an open-label phase 2a and double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b, seamless, clinical trial

BACKGROUND: A phase 1, clinical trial to evaluate FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine in COVID-19 convalescent individuals was completed. Here, we report results of the phase 2, clinical trial. METHODS: We studied 450 convalescent participants with a history of asymptomatic, mild, or moderate COVID-19 at the National Institute of Hematology and Immunology and the National Centre for Sexual Education in Havana, Cuba. The study included adults aged 19-78 years who had recovered from COVID-19 and had had a negative PCR test at least 2 months before the initiation of the study. Phase 2 was done sequentially in two stages. The first stage to assess safety comprised an open, non-controlled phase 2a study in participants aged 60-78 years who received a single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine (50 μg of recombinant dimeric receptor binding domain [RBD]). The second stage comprised the placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2b trial in participants aged 19-78 years, where participants were randomly assigned (4:1) into two groups: an experimental group vaccinated with a single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine, and a control (placebo) group injected with vaccine excipient. The primary outcomes were safety, evaluated 28 days after vaccination by the occurrence of serious adverse events in all participants, and successful immune response, assessed by neutralising antibody ELISA, and defined as half-maximal surrogate virus neutralisation titres of 250 or more. Secondary endpoints included vaccine immunogenicity assessed by ELISA anti-RBD and live-virus neutralisation test. All randomly assigned participants were included in the safety analysis (safety population), and immunogenicity was evaluated in participants without study interruptions (per-protocol population). The trial is registered with the Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials, RPCEC00000366-En and WHO-ICTRP and is complete. FINDINGS: From April 9, 2021, to April 17, 2021, 663 COVID-19 convalescent participants were enrolled in the study; 213 participants did not meet the selection criteria and 450 volunteers were recruited. 20 participants aged 60-78 years were included in the open, single-group, phase 2a study and 430 participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=344) or control groups (n=86) in the phase 2b study of participants aged 19-78 years. 19 (95%) of 20 phase 2a volunteers achieved a successful immune response after vaccination. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were reported in the whole study population. Minor adverse events were found, the most common being pain at the injection site (105 [29%] of 364 in the intervention group; 13 [15%] of 86 in the placebo group). A successful immune response was found in 289 (81%) of 358 participants 28 days after vaccination. The vaccine elicited a greater than 31-times increase in anti-RBD-IgG antibodies compared with prevaccination rates, and the seroconversion rate was 302 (84%) of 358 on day 28 after vaccination; the geometric mean titres of live-virus neutralisation test increased from 15·4 (95% CI 10·3-23·2) to 400·3 (272·4-588·1) and high response was found against alpha, beta, and delta variants of concern. INTERPRETATION: A single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 strengthened the pre-existing natural immunity, with excellent safety profile. FUNDING: Cuba's Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment