Ефект на дата на изкласяване върху варирането на основни компоненти на продуктивността на зимна пшеница

Ear emergence time (EED) in winter wheat directly affects its ability to adapt. Its change affects the grain yield similar to its components. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the change of date of ear heading has an effect on the elements of productivity and grain yield in contrast to the growing environments. Data were collected for analysis of test 30 varieties of winter wheat in the 4-years period in five locations of the country. The performance of individual traits is estimated by different statistical approaches to study the most detailed correlationships between them. The variation of the characteristics in terms of experience in these conditions characterized by contrast. Under normal and accidental changing growing conditions, resulting in season points and testing found positive influence on later date ear heading on the yield of grain. Between the EED and components of productivity there are positive correlations that are reliable even against the contrasting conditions. Changing this trait reflects fairly heavily on the characters associated with the number of grains in spike and per unit area, too. Characters that directly determine the level of productivity in winter wheat are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and genetics of participating in the experiment varieties.Признакът дата на изкласяване (EED) на зимната пшеница пряко влияе върху нейната способност да се адаптира. Промяната му влияе на добива на зърното, подобно на неговите компоненти. Целта на изследването беше да се анализира дали промяната на датата на изкласяване влияе върху елементите на продуктивността и добива на зърно в контрастни условия за отглеждане. Данните са събрани за анализ и включват 30 сорта зимна пшеница, проучвани през четиригодишен период в пет пункта на страната. Проявата на всеки един признак е оценяван чрез различни статистически подходи за изследване на корелационните връзки между тях. Варирането на признаците по отношение на изследваните условия се характеризира с контрастни стойности. При нормални и случайни променящи се условия на отглеждане, в резултат на сезонните промени се установява положително влияние на по-късната дата на изкласяване върху добива на зърно. Между признака ЕЕD и компонентите на продуктивността има положителни корелации, които са надеждно доказани дори при контрастните условия на средата. Промяната на тази признак се отразява доста силно на признаците, свързани с броя на зърната в клас и на единица площ. Признаците, които пряко определят нивото на продуктивност при зимната пшеница, са силно повлияни от условията на околната среда и генетиката на участващите в експеримента сортове

Environment- and Genotype-Dependent Stability in the Common Wheat Grain Quality (Triticum aestivum L.)

The study was conducted to evaluate the stability of common wheat varieties in four locations with proven different environmental conditions. Three indexes of grain quality were studied%253A wet gluten content, (WGC)%253B gluten index of grain (GI) and grain sedimentation value (Zeleny). The stability of varieties has been evaluated by many parameters that reflect different aspects of the complete picture for it. The indexes studied are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. The most genetically stable among them is the gluten index (GI), where the genotype has a decisive role of about 70%25 of the variation, and the most unstable is the wet gluten content (WGC), with only 17%25 of the effect. As a result of reliable GE, the ranking of the varieties according to the performance of each of the indexes is different in the individual locations. The ranking of varieties in terms of stability according to the ranks of each of the parameters is very different. Even a visual representation of the results, which clears the picture to the maximum extent, shows a different set of stable varieties in each of the quality indexes. Only a few of the varieties (G2, G6, G9, G13, G18, G20, G22) have a good balance between the size and stability of all quality parameters, with a moderate compromise with the grain yield level. The assessment of the stability of the variety in terms of quality can be made according to any of the indexes used. The stability of the variety depends to a large extent on the effect of the environment, which must be considered when selecting a specific index for assessment. The most suitable for this purpose is the gluten index (GI), where the influence of genotype is the strongest, with a significant GE interaction accounting for 25%25 of all variation. The stability of the variety does not depend on the magnitude of the quality indexes. Stable can be both quality (G2, G6) and varieties with very low grain quality (G18, G20, G22). Stability of quality, at high levels of indexes, is associated with low grain yield and vice versa. From this point of view, combining high yield stability and grain quality at the highest possible levels is a very rare exception (G2, G9)

Cannabidiol improves memory and decreases IL-1β serum levels in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation

Aim: Memory improving and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol (CBD) were investigated in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, LPS control, LPS + CBD 5 mg/kg bw, and LPS + CBD 10 mg/kg bw. Animals were treated with CBD 14 days before LPS administration and throughout the experiment. Step-through passive avoidance task, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test (NORT) were used to assess the memory functions. The following parameters were recorded: latency time, spontaneous alternations percentage (SA%) and recognition index (RI). IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β serum levels were measured to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of CBD. Results: LPS led to significant decrease of the recorded parameters in all memory tasks. This demonstrated the memory-impairing effect of LPS-induced inflammation. In the Y-maze and NORT tests, both doses of CBD increased SA% and RI, respectively. Significant difference was found in comparison with the LPS controls. Rats from the CBD treated groups showed increased latency in the step-through passive avoidance task. In the short-term memory test, both CBD doses significantly increased this parameter when compared with both control groups (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), whereas in the long-term memory test, statistical significance was reached only in comparison with the LPS controls (p<0.01). CBD treatment failed to reduce TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels. The lower studied dose significantly decreased IL-10 and IL-1β concentrations compared to LPS controls (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Conclusions: CBD improved spatial working and recognition memory in rats with LPS-induced inflammation. Suppression of IL-1β production could be attributed to the observed effect

Genotype selection for grain yield and quality based on multiple traits of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The purpose of the study is to investigate the possibilities of integrated evaluation of the variety by taking into account its yield and grain quality in multi-environmental trails. The most important as breeding criteria parameters for grain quality are analyzed as follows: deformation energy, test weight, gluten index, grain protein content, wet gluten content in grain, alveograph curve configuration ratio, extensibility index and falling number. A new methodology signed as “GY * parameter” is used to evaluate each of the varieties studied, based on the relationship of its grain yield with important quality parameters, by measuring their variation in different environmental conditions. The values of GY * parameter are subjected to the same regularities as those of the parameters themselves. They retain differences between varieties similar to simple parameter means. The G * E interaction in this study is mainly due to the “variety” and “location” factors. Essentially, environments are the cause of a highly nonlinear interaction because the PCA has four significant components. The assessment of the variety by GY * parameters, as ordinary traits, is quite possible and when the main focus is the quality. Applying the various approaches to standardizing values, by taking into account the level and variance of all GY * parameters, ultimately turns out to be an effective tool for variety ranking. It is the result of all possible aspects of grain quality, which provides extensive information on the value of each variety to the background of others

Subchronic toxicity of Sideritis scardica, Lamiaceae on male Wistar rats

Introduction: Sideritis scardica, Lamiaceae, is a plant with anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, digestive, and antimicrobial properties that is widely used in folk medicine throughout the Balkan Peninsula. The name derives from the Greek word ‘sideros’, meaning iron, and it is believed that the plant was also used by soldiers to heal wounds caused by cutting weapons. Aim: The study aimed to assess the subchronic toxicity of a dry hydromethanolic extract from Sideritis scardica, Lamiaceae. Materials and methods: To investigate the subchronic toxicity, male Wistar rats were given orally a solution of dry hydromethanolic extract daily for 12-weeks at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw. Blood and blood serum were collected at the end of the experiment, and different organs were prepared for histopathological examination. Statistical analysis was performed with One-Way ANOVA test, using IBM SPSS 19.0. Results: All hematological and biochemical results remained within the normal reference ranges described for the species. The histological examination showed no abnormalities in the morphology of the examined organs (brain, stomach, liver, and kidney). Conclusions: The study contributes to a better understanding of the possible pharmacological effects, while documenting the absence of toxicity and safe use of the herb for future new indications