Health in pregnancy and post-birth:contribution to improved child outcomes

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to describe the major factors affecting health during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period and outline the evidence for interventions to improve outcomes in women and their children.Design/methodology/approach– Selective review of the literature. A number of electronic bibliographic databases were searched, including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed and PsycINFO, for relevant studies published since 1990. Papers were restricted to those published in English which presented data from studies conducted in high-income countries, with priority given to systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials and other quantitative studies which present a higher level of evidence.Findings– Many factors may affect maternal and infant health during and after pregnancy. Potentially modifiable factors with an evidence base to support intervention include improving diet, and the avoidance of smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Good clinical management of underlying illness is also important, along with attempts to engage women in improving health prior to conception and postnatally rather than once pregnancy is established.Research limitations/implications– The evidence base for interventions on some potentially modifiable risk factors is incomplete. There is good evidence of benefit from some health behaviours such as smoking cessation and uptake of breastfeeding and accumulating evidence of the benefit of some models of maternity care.Practical implications– Good maternal health during and after pregnancy plays a key role in giving the child a better start in life. Improved health behaviours are vital but often these are heavily dependent on social context and hence working to tackle social inequality and provide maternity care tailored to individual need is likely to be just as important as trying to directly alter behaviour.Originality/value– Pregnancy and the postnatal period present an opportunity to improve maternal health and have a positive effect on future child health. Greater investment is required in this antenatal period of life.</jats:sec

Advantages and disadvantages of reciprocal peer-to-peer interviewing

© 2020 The Author(s). All rights reserved. Originally published in Social Research Practice Volume 10: Winter 2021: https://the-sra.org.uk/common/Uploaded%20files/Social%20Research%20Practice%20Journal/social-research-practice-journal-issue-10-winter-2021.pdfThe advantages and disadvantages of reciprocal peer-to-peer interviewing as a data collection approachare presented in this paper. Reciprocal peer-to-peer interviewing is a research technique whereparticipants interview each other rather than a member of a research team. Reciprocal peer-to-peerinterviewing was undertaken in a small qualitative study between healthcare practitioners to reflect onwhether, and how, their breastfeeding experiences had influenced their professional practice. Four pairsof healthcare practitioners were recruited from an online Parenting Science Gang group. They interviewedeach other via online teleconferencing which also recorded the interviews. The interviews were analysedby volunteers from the same sub-group. Benefits of the technique included: ease of building rapportand finding common ground; open discussion of difficult topics; and freeing up research organiser time.Disadvantages were: difficulties clarifying unclear interview content; an inability to redirect the interview ifit goes off-topic; and unawareness of technology failure. Social researchers are advised to weigh up thebenefits of the technique against the risks, and possibly adapt the method.Peer reviewe

SIMULASI EVENT DAN ALARM SCADA SEBAGAI PENDETEKSI ADANYA GANGGUAN PADA PERALATAN PROTEKSI JARINGAN TEGANGAN MENENGAH BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA 2560

ABSTRAK Keypoint seperti Recloser dan Load Break Switch dikontrol melalui control box yang bekerja dengan tegangan 24 VDC yang merupakan hasil dari konversi suplai tegangan 220 VAC. Pada saat tegangan AC tidak dapat mensuplai, maka baterai yang akan menjadi backup sebagai sumber daya pada control box. Peranan suplai daya utama dan baterai sangat penting, untuk itu diperlukan pemeliharaan rutin. Gangguan pada control box yaitu suplai daya AC atau DC hilang (lost contact) harus cepat diatasi, agar tidak berakibat fatal, karena memungkinkan keypoint tidak bekerja. Suplai daya pada keypoint dapat dipantau melalui SCADA yang akan menampilkan status berupa event dan alarm jika terdapat gangguan suplai daya pada keypoint. Tugas Akhir ini membuat simulasi untuk mengetahui prinsip kerja Event dan Alarm SCADA menggunakan sensor optocoupler, rangkaian Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) dan berbasis Arduino Mega 2560, sebagai pusat pengendali keseluruhan rangkaian. Untuk menjaga kapasitas baterai agar tetap penuh digunakan rangkaian charger yang bekerja secara otomatis, sehingga baterai akan awet Setelah dilakukan percobaan, hasil yang diperoleh adalah ATS memindahkan daya ke baterai ketika Arduino menerima input dari sensor optocoupler yang mendeteksi daya hilang dari rectifier. Di saat yang bersamaan Arduino mengirimkan Event berupa informasi status daya hilang pada HMI bersamaan dengan alarm yang berbunyi. Hal ini menandakan simulasi Event dan Alarm SCADA berhasil. Kata kunci : SCADA, Arduino Mega 2560, Automatic Transfer Switch, event dan alarm ABSTRACT Keypoint like Recloser and Load Break Switch in control via control box working with 24 VDC voltage which is result of 220 VAC voltage supply conversion. When the AC voltage can not supply, the battery that will be the backup as a resource in the control box. The role of the main power supply and the battery is very important, it is necessary routine maintenance which usually there is a disruption in the control box is the power supp ly of AC or DC lost (lost contact) which if not quickly overcome can be fatal because it allows the keypoint does not work. The power supply on the keypoint can be monitored via SCADA which will display event and alarm status if there is any disturbance in the keypoint. This Final Project, a simulation device is made to know the working of Event and Alarm SCADA using Optocoupler sensor, Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Arduino Mega 2560 which serves as the central control and processing for the whole device. The charger circuit used to keep the capacity of the battery which is works automatically for the battery will last. The result of the experiment is that ATS switch power to the battery when Arduino receives input from the Optocoupler sensor which detects lost power from the rectifier. At the same time Arduino sends an Event in the form of power status information lost to the HMI together with an alarm sounds on. This indicates the simulation of Event and Alarm SCADA is succeeded. Keywords: SCADA, Arduino Mega 2560, Automatic Transfer Switch, event and alar

Mode of birth and development of maternal postnatal post‐traumatic stress disorder : a mixed‐methods systematic review and meta‐analysis

Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 3% of women in the postnatal period, but less is known about risk factors for PTSD than other postnatal mental illnesses. This review aimed to analyze the literature on the impact of mode of birth on postnatal PTSD. Methods Searches were undertaken of CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus for studies investigating the link between mode of birth and postnatal PTSD in high-resource countries from January 1990 to February 2021. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected and synthesized. Meta-analysis was performed with four of the studies, and the rest were analyzed narratively. Results Twelve quantitative studies, presenting data on 5567 women, and two qualitative studies, with 92 women, were included in the review. Most studies found a significant relationship between mode of birth and maternal PTSD symptoms. Meta-analysis found cesarean birth was more closely associated with PTSD than vaginal delivery (VD) (P = 0.005), emergency cesarean birth (EmCB) more than elective cesarean birth (ElCB) (P < 0.001), instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD) more than spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) (P < 0.001), and EmCB more than SVD (P < 0.001). Women who developed PTSD after EmCB felt less in control and less supported than those who did not develop it after the same procedure. Request for repeat ElCB appeared more common among women with pre-existing postnatal PTSD, but this may subsequently leave them feeling dissatisfied and their fears of childbirth unresolved. Conclusions Modes of birth involving emergency intervention may be risk factors for the development of postnatal PTSD. Ensuring that women feel supported and in control during emergency obstetric interventions may mediate against this risk