The Role of Weight on Community Structure of Networks

The role of weight on the weighted networks is investigated by studying the effect of weight on community structures. We use weighted modularity $Q^w$ to evaluate the partitions and Weighted Extremal Optimization algorithm to detect communities. Starting from idealized and empirical weighted networks, the distribution or matching between weights and edges are disturbed. Using dissimilarity function $D$ to distinguish the difference between community structures, it is found that the redistribution of weights does strongly affect the community structure especially in dense networks. This indicates that the community structure in networks is a suitable property to reflect the role of weight.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Federated Pseudo Modality Generation for Incomplete Multi-Modal MRI Reconstruction

While multi-modal learning has been widely used for MRI reconstruction, it relies on paired multi-modal data which is difficult to acquire in real clinical scenarios. Especially in the federated setting, the common situation is that several medical institutions only have single-modal data, termed the modality missing issue. Therefore, it is infeasible to deploy a standard federated learning framework in such conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel communication-efficient federated learning framework, namely Fed-PMG, to address the missing modality challenge in federated multi-modal MRI reconstruction. Specifically, we utilize a pseudo modality generation mechanism to recover the missing modality for each single-modal client by sharing the distribution information of the amplitude spectrum in frequency space. However, the step of sharing the original amplitude spectrum leads to heavy communication costs. To reduce the communication cost, we introduce a clustering scheme to project the set of amplitude spectrum into finite cluster centroids, and share them among the clients. With such an elaborate design, our approach can effectively complete the missing modality within an acceptable communication cost. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed method can attain similar performance with the ideal scenario, i.e., all clients have the full set of modalities. The source code will be released.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

Increased obesity rate due to economic transition and industrialisation in Asia: a systematic review

Owing to economic transition and urbanisation, nutrition problems in Asia have shifted from malnutrition to over-nutrition. As a result, the obesity rate in Asia is rising at an alarming rate. This review aims to provide an overview of the key factors and current strategies of this phenomenon in Asia from the socio-economic point of view as well as to provide insights of possible ways to overcome these issues by analysing works of literature published between 2000 and 2018. Diet-related factors such as energy intake surplus, overconsumption of processed food, fat and sugar are among the largest contributors to this epidemic. The underlying factor of the surplus of energy intake was due to socioeconomic and cultural factors such as improved purchasing power and deep-rooted cultural associations of obesity with prosperity. Efforts have been put in by governments, NGOs, and the food industry to cope with obesity. These include the implementation of dietary guidelines, organisation of public health campaigns, enforcement of nutrition labelling on food products, application of fiscal policy, and marketing ban of energy-dense nutrient-poor (EDNP) food products to children. However, these collective efforts have not been effective. Therefore, authorities should seek long term alternative ways such as food reformulation and ‘food zoning’ to create a conducive environment that encourages a healthy diet

Insights into the Ecological Roles and Evolution of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase-Containing Hot Spring Archaea

Several recent studies have shown the presence of genes for the key enzyme associated with archaeal methane/alkane metabolism, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr), in metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) divergent to existing archaeal lineages. Here, we study the mcr-containing archaeal MAGs from several hot springs, which reveal further expansion in the diversity of archaeal organisms performing methane/alkane metabolism. Significantly, an MAG basal to organisms from the phylum Thaumarchaeota that contains mcr genes, but not those for ammonia oxidation or aerobic metabolism, is identified. Together, our phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions suggest a mostly vertical evolution of mcrABG genes among methanogens and methanotrophs, along with frequent horizontal gene transfer of mcr genes between alkanotrophs. Analysis of all mcr-containing archaeal MAGs/genomes suggests a hydrothermal origin for these microorganisms based on optimal growth temperature predictions. These results also suggest methane/alkane oxidation or methanogenesis at high temperature likely existed in a common archaeal ancestor

Rethinking Client Drift in Federated Learning: A Logit Perspective

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively learn in a distributed way, allowing for privacy protection. However, the real-world non-IID data will lead to client drift which degrades the performance of FL. Interestingly, we find that the difference in logits between the local and global models increases as the model is continuously updated, thus seriously deteriorating FL performance. This is mainly due to catastrophic forgetting caused by data heterogeneity between clients. To alleviate this problem, we propose a new algorithm, named FedCSD, a Class prototype Similarity Distillation in a federated framework to align the local and global models. FedCSD does not simply transfer global knowledge to local clients, as an undertrained global model cannot provide reliable knowledge, i.e., class similarity information, and its wrong soft labels will mislead the optimization of local models. Concretely, FedCSD introduces a class prototype similarity distillation to align the local logits with the refined global logits that are weighted by the similarity between local logits and the global prototype. To enhance the quality of global logits, FedCSD adopts an adaptive mask to filter out the terrible soft labels of the global models, thereby preventing them to mislead local optimization. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method over the state-of-the-art federated learning approaches in various heterogeneous settings. The source code will be released.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure

Complex Network Properties of Chinese Natural Science Basic Research

In this paper, we studied the research areas of Chinese natural science basic research from a point view of complex network. Two research areas are considered to be connected if they appear in one fund proposal. The explicit network of such connections using data from 1999 to 2004 is constructed. The analysis of the real data shows that the degree distribution of the {\bf research areas network} (RAN) may be better fitted by the exponential distribution. It displays small world effect in which randomly chosen pairs of research areas are typically separated by only a short path of intermediate research areas. The average distance of RAN decreases with time, while the average clustering coefficient increases with time, which indicates that the scientific study would like to be integrated together in terms of the studied areas. The relationship between the clustering coefficient $C(k)$ and the degree $k$ indicates that there is no hierarchical organization in RAN.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Physica

Weighted Network of Chinese Nature Science Basic Research

Using the requisition papers of Chinese Nature Science Basic Research in management and information department, we construct the weighted network of research areas({\bf WRAN}) represented by the subject codes. In WRAN, two research areas are considered connected if they have been filled in at least one requisition paper. The edge weight is defined as the number of requisition papers which have filled in the same pairs of codes. The node strength is defined as the number of requisition papers which have filled in this code, including the papers which have filled in it only. Here we study a variety of nonlocal statistics for these networks, such as typical distances between research areas through the network, and measures of centrality such as betweenness. These statistics characteristics can illuminate the global development trend of Chinese scientific study, it is also helpful to adjust the code system to reflect the real status more accurately. Finally, we present a plausible model for the formation and structure of networks with the observed properties.Comment: 8 pages, 14 figure

10-Hy­droxy-10-(1,3-thia­zol-2-ylmeth­yl)phenanthren-9(10H)-one

In the title phenanthrenone compound, C18H13NO2S, the dihydro­phenanthrene ring system is not planar, with its central ring distorted to a screw-boat conformation. The essentially planar thia­zole ring [maximum deviation = 0.005 (1) Å] is inclined at an inter­planar angle of 23.36 (5)° with respect to the mean plane through the dihydro­phenanthrene ring system. In the crystal packing, inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite chains along the a axis. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions further stabilize the crystal packing

Magnetic anisotropy reversal driven by structural symmetry-breaking in monolayer {\alpha}-RuCl3

Layered {\alpha}-RuCl3 is a promising material to potentially realize the long-sought Kitaev quantum spin liquid with fractionalized excitations. While evidence of this exotic state has been reported under a modest in-plane magnetic field, such behavior is largely inconsistent with theoretical expectations of Kitaev phases emerging only in out-of-plane fields. These predicted field-induced states have been mostly out of reach due to the strong easy-plane anisotropy of bulk crystals, however. We use a combination of tunneling spectroscopy, magnetotransport, electron diffraction, and ab initio calculations to study the layer-dependent magnons, anisotropy, structure, and exchange coupling in atomically thin samples. Due to structural distortions, the sign of the average off-diagonal exchange changes in monolayer {\alpha}-RuCl3, leading to a reversal of magnetic anisotropy to easy-axis. Our work provides a new avenue to tune the magnetic interactions in {\alpha}-RuCl3 and allows theoretically predicted quantum spin liquid phases for out-of-plane fields to be more experimentally accessible