Syndecan- and integrin-binding peptides synergistically accelerate cell adhesion

AbstractIntegrins and syndecans mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix and their synergistic cooperation is implicated in cell adhesion processes. We previously identified two active peptides, AG73 and EF1, from the laminin α1 chain LG4 module, that promote cell attachment through syndecan- and α2β1 integrin-binding, respectively. Here, we examined time-dependent cell attachment on the mixed peptides AG73/EF1. The AG73/EF1 promoted stronger and more rapid cell attachment, spreading, FAK phosphorylation that reached a maximum at 20min than that on AG73 (40min) or EF1 (90min) supplied singly. Thus, the syndecan- and α2β1 integrin-binding peptides synergistically affect cells and accelerate cell adhesion

Prescribing Pattern of Hypnotic Medications in Patients Initiating Treatment at Japanese Hospitals: A Nationwide, Retrospective, Longitudinal, Observational Study Using a Claims Database

Background Prolonged treatment of insomnia using benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonists, including BZD and non-BZD hypnotic drugs, can cause drug dependence, tolerance, abuse and other adverse events. These side effects are more common and/or severe in older adults taking different hypnotic drugs concomitantly. Therefore, a single prescription is limited to 30 daily doses for most BZD receptor agonists and restrictions apply to the prescription of more than three types of hypnotic drugs in Japan. Little is known, however, about the real-world prescribing pattern of hypnotic drugs in Japan. Objective We analysed prescribing patterns for hypnotic drugs in Japan to evaluate whether real-world use differs from guideline recommendations. Methods In this nationwide, retrospective, longitudinal, observational study, we analysed the types of hypnotic drugs prescribed, duration of medication and treatment setting in a subset of hospitals in Japan using a hospital-based administrative claims database (Medical Data Vision). Patients initiating treatment with hypnotic drugs between January 2012 and December 2016 were included in the analyses to assess the duration of medication and occurrence of co-prescription of a second and third hypnotic drug, within a year from prescription of the first hypnotic drugs. Results In 261,167 patients analysed, the first hypnotic drugs prescribed were BZDs (59.7%), non-BZDs (36.8%), a melatonin receptor agonist [MRA] (3.1%) and an orexin receptor antagonist [ORA] (0.4%). Benzodiazepine and non-BZD hypnotic drugs were mostly prescribed in inpatient settings (57.7% and 63.0%, respectively) and the MRA and ORA mostly in outpatient settings (62.6% and 65.4%, respectively). The departments that prescribed the most patients their first hypnotic drugs were internal medicine (23.6%), general surgery (11.8%), orthopaedic surgery (11.4%) and urology (5.3%). Of the total prescriptions of MRA and ORA as the first hypnotic drugs, 22.0% and 31.8% were in internal medicine, 4.4% each in general surgery, 6.0% and 4.5% in orthopaedic surgery, 9.7% and 4.4% in neurology, and 10.1% and 12.2% in psychiatry departments, respectively. Mean duration of medication was 1.13 months for non-BZDs, 1.15 months for BZDs, 1.29 months for the ORA and 1.83 months for the MRA. Overall, 5.3% (95% confidence interval 5.2–5.4) of patients were prescribed a second hypnotic drug; of these, 8.4% (95% confidence interval 8.0–8.9) were prescribed at least three hypnotic drugs within a year. Patients who were prescribed three or more hypnotic drugs received higher doses of the first drug than patients who received fewer hypnotic drugs. Conclusions Benzodiazepine receptor agonists were the most common hypnotic drugs prescribed as the first drug to patients in Japan. Further education and awareness may be needed on the risk of complications and adverse events associated with these therapies. The duration of BZD receptor agonist use was shorter than for the MRA and ORA, in accordance with prescribing guidelines. Long-term use and co-prescribing of hypnotic drugs were also uncommon. Key Points The side effects of prolonged benzodiazepine receptor agonist use are more common and/or severe in older adults who take multiple hypnotic drugs concomitantly. This study revealed that benzodiazepine receptor agonists are the most commonly prescribed first-line treatments and are mostly prescribed in the inpatient setting in hospital departments such as internal medicine, general surgery, orthopaedic surgery and urology. A melatonin receptor agonist and an orexin receptor antagonist were commonly prescribed to patients in an outpatient setting in internal medicine, psychiatry and neurology departments

Patterns of hypnotic prescribing for residual insomnia and recurrence of major depressive disorder: a retrospective cohort study using a Japanese health insurance claims database

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent in Japan and frequently accompanied by insomnia that may persist even with MDD remission. Hypnotics are used for the pharmacological treatment of insomnia, but their influence on MDD recurrence or residual insomnia following MDD remission is unclear. This retrospective, longitudinal, cohort study utilized a large Japanese health insurance claims database to investigate patterns of hypnotic prescriptions among patients with MDD, and the influence of hypnotic prescription pattern on MDD recurrence. Methods: Eligible patients (20–56 years) were those registered in the Japan Medical Data Center database between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2018, and prescribed antidepressant and hypnotic therapy after being diagnosed with MDD. Patients who had ceased antidepressant therapy for > 180 days were followed for 1 year to evaluate depression recurrence, as assessed using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Logistic regression modelling was used to analyze the effect of hypnotic prescription pattern on MDD recurrence. Results: Of the 179,174 patients diagnosed with MDD who initiated antidepressant treatment between 1 January 2006 and 30 June 2017, complete prescription information was available for 2946 eligible patients who had been prescribed hypnotics. More patients were prescribed hypnotic monotherapy (70.8%) than combination therapy (29.2%). The most prescribed therapies were benzodiazepine monotherapy (26.2%), non-benzodiazepine monotherapy (28.9%), and combination therapy with two drugs (21.1%). Among patients prescribed multiple hypnotics, concomitant prescriptions for anxiolytics, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and sedative antidepressants were more common. The 1-year recurrence rate for MDD was approximately 20%, irrespective of hypnotic monoversus combination therapy or class of hypnotic therapy. Being a spouse (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.02) or other family member (OR, 1.46, 95% CI, 0.99–2.16) of the insured individual, or being prescribed a sedative antidepressant (OR, 1.50, 95% CI, 1.24–1.82) conferred higher odds of MDD recurrence within 1 year of completing antidepressant therapy. Conclusions: Benzodiazepines are the most prescribed hypnotic among Japanese patients with MDD, though combination hypnotic therapy is routinely prescribed. Hypnotic prescription pattern does not appear to influence real-world MDD recurrence, though hypnotics should be appropriately prescribed given class differences in efficacy and safety

Changes in pulse waveforms in response to intraocular pressure elevation determined by laser speckle flowgraphy in healthy subjects

Background: The influences of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations on the pulse waveform in the optic nerve head (ONH) were evaluated using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) in normal subjects. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Nagoya University Hospital. An ophthalmodynamometer was pressed on the sclera to increase the IOP by 20 mmHg or 30 mmHg for 1 min (experiment 1, 16 subjects) and by 30 mmHg for 10 min (experiment 2, 10 subjects). The mean blur rate (MBR) and the eight pulse waveform parameters determined using LSFG were measured before, immediately after and during an IOP elevation, and after the IOP returned to the baseline pressure. Results: A significant elevation in the IOP and a significant reduction in the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) were found after applying the ophthalmodynamometer (both, P < 0.001). The blowout score (BOS) reduced significantly (P < 0.001), and the flow acceleration index (FAI; P < 0.01) and resistivity index (RI; P < 0.001) increased significantly immediately after increasing the IOP by 20 or 30 mmHg (experiment 1). The BOS reduced significantly (P < 0.001), and the FAI (P < 0.01) and RI (P < 0.001) increased significantly after the IOP elevation by 30 mmHg in both experiment 2 and 1. However, the BOS and RI recovered significantly at time 10 compared to that in time 0 (immediately after IOP elevation) during the 10-min IOP elevation (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions: In conclusion, the BOS, FAI, and RI of the pulse waveforms changed significantly with an acute elevation in the IOP. The change should be related to the larger difference between the maximum and minimum MBRs during the IOP elevation

Controlling oxygen coordination and valence of network forming cations

Understanding the structure-property relationship of glass material is still challenging due to a lack of periodicity in disordered materials. Here, we report the properties and atomic structure of vanadium phosphate glasses characterized by reverse Monte Carlo modelling based on neutron/synchrotron X-ray diffraction and EXAFS data, supplemented by Raman and NMR spectroscopy. In vanadium-rich glass, the water durability, thermal stability and hardness improve as the amount of P2O5 increases, and the network former of the glass changes from VOx polyhedra to the interplay between VOx polyhedra and PO4 tetrahedra. We find for the first time that the coordination number of oxygen atoms around a V4+ is four, which is an unusually small coordination number, and plays an important role for water durability, thermal stability and hardness. Furthermore, we show that the similarity between glass and crystal beyond the nearest neighbour distance is important for glass properties. These results demonstrate that controlling the oxygen coordination and valence of the network-forming cation is necessary for designing the properties of glass

Efficacy of prosultiamine treatment in patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: results from an open-label clinical trial

Background: Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic myelopathy characterized by motor dysfunction of the lower extremities and urinary disturbance. Immunomodulatory treatments are the main strategy for HAM/TSP, but several issues are associated with long-term treatment. We conducted a clinical trial with prosultiamine (which has apoptotic activity against HTLV-I-infected cells) as a novel therapy in HAM/TSP patients. Methods: We enrolled 24 HAM/TSP patients in this open-label clinical trial. Prosultiamine (300 mg, orally) was administered once daily for 12 weeks. We monitored changes in the motor function of the lower extremities and urinary function as well as copy numbers of the HTLV-I provirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results: Improvement in the motor function of the lower extremities based on a reduction in spasticity (for example, decrease in time required for walking and descending a flight of stairs) was observed. In an urodynamic study (UDS), bladder capacity and detrusor pressure and then maximum flow rate increased significantly. Detrusor overactivity and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia improved in 68.8% and 45.5% of patients observed at pretreatment, respectively. Improvement in UDS corresponded with improvements in the score of nocturia-quality of life questionnaire. HTLV-I proviral copy numbers in PBMCs decreased significantly (approximately 15.4%) compared with pretreatment levels.Conclusions: These data suggest that prosultiamine can safely improve motor dysfunction of the lower extremities and urinary disturbance as well as reduce HTLV-I provirus levels in peripheral blood. It therefore has potential as a new therapeutic tool for HAM/TSP patients.Trial registration: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) number, UMIN000005969. Please see related commentary: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/183

Identification of proline carrier in Escherichia coli K-12

AbstractProline carrier, a product of the put P gene of Escherichia coli, was identified as a 35 kDa cytoplasmic membrane protein by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Its identification was based on the following evidence: First, the density of the band corresponding to a 35 kDa protein correlated with the proline-binding activity of cytoplasmic membranes from put P-deficient and put P-amplified strains. Second, by the differential labeling method, the 35 kDa protein was specifically labeled with radioactive N-ethyl-maleimide. The 35 kDa protein was found to aggregate on heat treatment and to show abnormal mobility on SDS-PAGE

Prescribing Pattern of Hypnotic Medications in Patients Initiating Treatment at Japanese Hospitals: A Nationwide, Retrospective, Longitudinal, Observational Study Using a Claims Database

BACKGROUND: Prolonged treatment of insomnia using benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonists, including BZD and non-BZD hypnotic drugs, can cause drug dependence, tolerance, abuse and other adverse events. These side effects are more common and/or severe in older adults taking different hypnotic drugs concomitantly. Therefore, a single prescription is limited to 30 daily doses for most BZD receptor agonists and restrictions apply to the prescription of more than three types of hypnotic drugs in Japan. Little is known, however, about the real-world prescribing pattern of hypnotic drugs in Japan. OBJECTIVE: We analysed prescribing patterns for hypnotic drugs in Japan to evaluate whether real-world use differs from guideline recommendations. METHODS: In this nationwide, retrospective, longitudinal, observational study, we analysed the types of hypnotic drugs prescribed, duration of medication and treatment setting in a subset of hospitals in Japan using a hospital-based administrative claims database (Medical Data Vision). Patients initiating treatment with hypnotic drugs between January 2012 and December 2016 were included in the analyses to assess the duration of medication and occurrence of co-prescription of a second and third hypnotic drug, within a year from prescription of the first hypnotic drugs. RESULTS: In 261,167 patients analysed, the first hypnotic drugs prescribed were BZDs (59.7%), non-BZDs (36.8%), a melatonin receptor agonist [MRA] (3.1%) and an orexin receptor antagonist [ORA] (0.4%). Benzodiazepine and non-BZD hypnotic drugs were mostly prescribed in inpatient settings (57.7% and 63.0%, respectively) and the MRA and ORA mostly in outpatient settings (62.6% and 65.4%, respectively). The departments that prescribed the most patients their first hypnotic drugs were internal medicine (23.6%), general surgery (11.8%), orthopaedic surgery (11.4%) and urology (5.3%). Of the total prescriptions of MRA and ORA as the first hypnotic drugs, 22.0% and 31.8% were in internal medicine, 4.4% each in general surgery, 6.0% and 4.5% in orthopaedic surgery, 9.7% and 4.4% in neurology, and 10.1% and 12.2% in psychiatry departments, respectively. Mean duration of medication was 1.13 months for non-BZDs, 1.15 months for BZDs, 1.29 months for the ORA and 1.83 months for the MRA. Overall, 5.3% (95% confidence interval 5.2–5.4) of patients were prescribed a second hypnotic drug; of these, 8.4% (95% confidence interval 8.0–8.9) were prescribed at least three hypnotic drugs within a year. Patients who were prescribed three or more hypnotic drugs received higher doses of the first drug than patients who received fewer hypnotic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists were the most common hypnotic drugs prescribed as the first drug to patients in Japan. Further education and awareness may be needed on the risk of complications and adverse events associated with these therapies. The duration of BZD receptor agonist use was shorter than for the MRA and ORA, in accordance with prescribing guidelines. Long-term use and co-prescribing of hypnotic drugs were also uncommon