The Experimental Production of Sarcoma by the Use of Beryllium Oxide.

Osteogenic sarcoma was produced experimentally by the repeated injection of beryllium oxide (BeO) directly into the right femur of rabbits. Young rabbits weighing 1.5 kg on the average were injected with 1 cc of 1.0 % suspension of beryllium oxide in physiologic saline solution. Ten rabbits were treated with a single injection of beryllium. Forty-three rabbits were twice a week for a total of divided into five groups. Of 30 rabbits which survived for more than 9 months Twenty-five rabbits (84%) developed osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma or presarcomatous changes

A History of Tests of Infant Development and their Applications to Childcare

本研究は、発達検査が保育場面での子ども理解の手だてとなり得ることを明らかにするものである。発達検査を行う一つの効果は、対象となる子どもの発達状況を把握できるという点にある。その上で、子どもの状態をとらえながら、指導に必要な観点を予測することこそが発達検査の意義であるといえる。今日用いられている子どもの発達検査は、ビネー式知能検査を原型として発展してきた。その発達検査の歴史的な変遷について概観し、日本で用いられている発達検査がどう位置づけられているのかを整理し、保育場面での活用の可能性を検討した。This study will examine whether the tests of infant development are useful to childcare teachers in understanding children in childcare environments. Tests of development are important because they will reveal the present developmental stages of the children concerned. The purpose of the tests lies in predicting the viewpoints which are needed for guidance while understanding the developmental stages of the children. The tests of development, which started with Binet-test as the prototype, will be reviwed along with the examination of the other tests in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to show their applicability in childcare environments

Generic Skills Assessment Through Implementation of Group Based Learning to Understand SDGs

In this competitive world, it is important for students to acquire generic skills and its assessment in higher education is scarce. This study is an attempt to address the effect of group based learning on generic skills development and and also an approach to spread the knowledge of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Like generic skills, educating young students about SDGs has become crucial. A workshop was conducted for 3 days and a total of 12 students filled in the questionnaire for group and self assessment of generic skills for 10 selected generic skills after every workshop. The overall results indicated that the group based learning have positive impact on the development of generic skills. We found that all generic skills were more developed in group assessment than individual assessment. When the inter-relationship among the skills were assessed for individual ratings using network analysis, the results revealed that the effective team work was strongly associated with co-operativity (r2 =0.7529 p <0.001), communication (r2 =0.7146, p <0.001) and information sharing (r2 =0.7529 p <0.001). The significant finding of this study is the use of shared educational materials which helped the students to overcome the language barrier and be more interactive to achieve the given goal. Further, this study has explored the application of group based learning as an effective educational approach to introduce any designed studies (in this case, SDGs) for fostering the innovative human resources belonging to different educational backgrounds. Moreover, this study also emphasizes on the importance of teaching SDGs to the engineering students for their capacity building, so that they not only understand but also act to ensure that the goals are met for better future. Keywords: Engineering students, Generic skills, Group based learning, Self assessment, Group Assessment Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Lack of Connexin43-Mediated Bergmann Glial Gap Junctional Coupling does not Affect Cerebellar Long-Term Depression, Motor Coordination, or Eyeblink Conditioning

Bergmann glial cells are specialized astrocytes in the cerebellum. In the mature cerebellar molecular layer, Bergmann glial processes are closely associated with Purkinje cells, enclosing Purkinje cell dendritic synapses with a glial sheath. There is intensive gap junctional coupling between Bergmann glial processes, but their significance in cerebellar functions is not known. Connexin43 (Cx43), a major component of astrocytic gap junction channels, is abundantly expressed in Bergmann glial cells. To examine the role of Cx43-mediated gap junctions between Bergmann glial cells in cerebellar functions, we generated Cx43 conditional knockout mice with the S100b-Cre transgenic line (Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre), which exhibited a significant loss of Cx43 in the Bergmann glial cells and astrocytes in the cerebellum with a postnatal onset. The Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre mice had normal cerebellar architecture. Although gap junctional coupling between the Bergmann glial cells measured by spreading of microinjected Lucifer yellow was virtually abolished in Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre mice, electrophysiologic analysis revealed that cerebellar long-term depression could be induced and maintained normally in their cerebellar slices. In addition, at the behavioral level, Cx43fl/fl:S100b-Cre mice had normal motor coordination in the rotarod task and normal conditioned eyelid response. Our findings suggest that Cx43-mediated gap junctional coupling between Bergmann glial cells is not necessary for the neuron-glia interactions required for cerebellum-dependent motor coordination and motor learning

大学生にみられる血圧異常（第2報）－反復血圧測定の重要性について－ : 研究調査報告

研修および研究・調査活動、ならびに関連業

Activation of AMPA Receptors in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Phase-Shifts the Mouse Circadian Clock In Vivo and In Vitro

The glutamatergic neurotransmission in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) plays a central role in the entrainment of the circadian rhythms to environmental light-dark cycles. Although the glutamatergic effect operating via NMDAR (N-methyl D-aspartate receptor) is well elucidated, much less is known about a role of AMPAR (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor) in circadian entrainment. Here we show that, in the mouse SCN, GluR2 and GluR4 AMPAR subtypes are abundantly expressed in the retinorecipient area. In vivo microinjection of AMPA in the SCN during the early subjective night phase-delays the behavioral rhythm. In the organotypic SCN slice culture, AMPA application induces phase-dependent phase-shifts of core-clock gene transcription rhythms. These data demonstrate that activation of AMPAR is capable of phase-shifting the circadian clock both in vivo and in vitro, and are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of AMPA receptors is a critical step in the transmission of photic information to the SCN

How to Achieve Fast Entrainment? The Timescale to Synchronization

Entrainment, where oscillators synchronize to an external signal, is ubiquitous in nature. The transient time leading to entrainment plays a major role in many biological processes. Our goal is to unveil the specific dynamics that leads to fast entrainment. By studying a generic model, we characterize the transient time to entrainment and show how it is governed by two basic properties of an oscillator: the radial relaxation time and the phase velocity distribution around the limit cycle. Those two basic properties are inherent in every oscillator. This concept can be applied to many biological systems to predict the average transient time to entrainment or to infer properties of the underlying oscillator from the observed transients. We found that both a sinusoidal oscillator with fast radial relaxation and a spike-like oscillator with slow radial relaxation give rise to fast entrainment. As an example, we discuss the jet-lag experiments in the mammalian circadian pacemaker

Diurnal rhythmic expression of the rhythm-related genes, rPeriod1, rPeriod2, and rClock , in the rat brain

High densities of the mRNA of three rhythm-related genes, rPeriod1 (rPer1), rPer2 , and rClock , which share high homology in Drosophila and mammals, are found in the rat hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN, however, is not the only brain region that expresses these genes. To understand the possible physiological roles of these rhythm-related genes, we examined expression of these genes in different brain regions at various time points in male Sprague--Dawley rats. Using semi quantitative in situ hybridization with 35 S-riboprobes to evaluate mRNA levels, the diurnal rhythmicity of rPer1, and rPer2 mRNA levels was found in the SCN, arcuate nucleus, and median eminence/pars tuberalis. Expression patterns of mRNA for rPer1 and rPer2 , however, were not similar in these brain regions. The rhythmicity in these brain regions was specific, because it was not observed in the cerebellum or hippocampus. Moreover, diurnal changes in rClock mRNA expression were not detected in any of the brain regions examined. These findings suggest that the different expression patterns observed for rPer1, rPer2 , and rClock mRNAs may be attributed to their different physiological roles in these brain regions, and support previous work indicating that circadian rhythms in the brain are widespread.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43939/1/11373_2004_Article_8176.pd

A coordination strategy to realize a sextuply-bonded complex

Synthesis of higher-order multiple bond is a great challenge in chemistry. However, no stable compound with a sextuple bond has been reported, except for Mo2 in an inert matrix at low temperature. Here, we propose a strategy to construct a sextuple bond in a dinuclear transition metal complex based on the complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and density functional theory calculations. When the dinuclear core M2 (M = W, Mo, and Re+) is capped by two neutral electron-donating ligands at both M-M ends, a sextuple bond can be realized. The proposed ligands stabilize the M2 core by the coordination, conserve the six bonding orbitals in the occupied space, and suppress the weight of the δ-δ* excited electron configuration. Calculated large formation energies of these complexes indicate the large possibility of the synthesis. Electronic structure and sextuply bonding interactions are analyzed in detail