2,295 research outputs found
Randomised controlled study of treatment for mild and moderate sleep apnoea
Health Services Research Fund & Health Care and Promotion Fund: Research Dissemination Reports (Series 6)published_or_final_versio
The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Effects of Early-Life Stress and Dietary Fatty Acids on Later-Life Central and Metabolic Outcomes in Mice
Early-life stress (ELS) leads to increased vulnerability for mental and metabolic disorders. We have previously shown that a low dietary ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio protects against ELS-induced cognitive impairments. Due to the importance of the gut microbiota as a determinant of long-term health, we here study the impact of ELS and dietary PUFAs on the gut microbiota and how this relates to the previously described cognitive, metabolic, and fatty acid profiles. Male mice were exposed to ELS via the limited bedding and nesting paradigm (postnatal day (P)2 to P9 and to an early diet (P2 to P42) with an either high (15) or low (1) ω-6 linoleic acid to ω-3 alpha-linolenic acid ratio. 16S rRNA was sequenced and analyzed from fecal samples at P21, P42, and P180. Age impacted α- and β-diversity. ELS and diet together predicted variance in microbiota composition and affected the relative abundance of bacterial groups at several taxonomic levels in the short and long term. For example, age increased the abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes, while it decreased Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia; ELS reduced the genera RC9 gut group and Rikenella, and the low ω-6/ω-3 diet reduced the abundance of the Firmicutes Erysipelotrichia. At P42, species abundance correlated with body fat mass and circulating leptin (e.g., Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria taxa) and fatty acid profiles (e.g., Firmicutes taxa). This study gives novel insights into the impact of age, ELS, and dietary PUFAs on microbiota composition, providing potential targets for noninvasive (nutritional) modulation of ELS-induced deficits. IMPORTANCE Early-life stress (ELS) leads to increased vulnerability to develop mental and metabolic disorders; however, the biological mechanisms leading to such programming are not fully clear. Increased attention has been given to the importance of the gut microbiota as a determinant of long-term health and as a potential target for noninvasive nutritional strategies to protect against the negative impact of ELS. Here, we give novel insights into the complex interaction between ELS, early dietary ω-3 availability, and the gut microbiota across ages and provide new potential targets for (nutritional) modulation of the long-term effects of the early-life environment via the microbiota
Supernova PTF 09uj: A possible shock breakout from a dense circumstellar wind
Type-IIn supernovae (SNe), which are characterized by strong interaction of
their ejecta with the surrounding circumstellar matter (CSM), provide a unique
opportunity to study the mass-loss history of massive stars shortly before
their explosive death. We present the discovery and follow-up observations of a
Type IIn SN, PTF 09uj, detected by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF).
Serendipitous observations by GALEX at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths detected
the rise of the SN light curve prior to the PTF discovery. The UV light curve
of the SN rose fast, with a time scale of a few days, to a UV absolute AB
magnitude of about -19.5. Modeling our observations, we suggest that the fast
rise of the UV light curve is due to the breakout of the SN shock through the
dense CSM (n~10^10 cm^-3). Furthermore, we find that prior to the explosion the
progenitor went through a phase of high mass-loss rate (~0.1 solar mass per
year) that lasted for a few years. The decay rate of this SN was fast relative
to that of other SNe IIn.Comment: Accepted to Apj, 6 pages, 4 figure
The distances of short-hard GRBs and the SGR connection
We present a search for nearby (D<100 Mpc) galaxies in the error boxes of six
well-localized short-hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). None of the six error boxes
reveals the presence of a plausible nearby host galaxy. This allows us to set
lower limits on the distances and, hence, the isotropic-equivalent energy of
these GRBs. Our lower limits are around erg (at
confidence level); as a consequence, some of the short-hard GRBs we examine
would have been detected by BATSE out to distances greater than 1 Gpc and
therefore constitute a bona fide cosmological population. Our search is
partially motivated by the December 27, 2004 hypergiant flare from SGR 1806-20,
and the intriguing possibility that short-hard GRBs are extragalactic events of
a similar nature. Such events would be detectable with BATSE to a distance of
\~50 Mpc, and their detection rate should be comparable to the actual BATSE
detection rate of short-hard GRBs. The failure of our search, by contrast,
suggests that such flares constitute less than 15% of the short-hard GRBs (<40%
at 95% confidence). We discuss possible resolutions of this discrepancy.Comment: Enlarged sample of bursts; ApJ in pres
The Rising Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae
We present an analysis of the early, rising light curves of 18 Type Ia
supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and the
La Silla-QUEST variability survey (LSQ). We fit these early data flux using a
simple power-law to determine the time of first
light , and hence the rise-time from first light to
peak luminosity, and the exponent of the power-law rise (). We find a mean
uncorrected rise time of days, with individual SN rise-times
ranging from to days. The exponent n shows significant
departures from the simple 'fireball model' of (or ) usually assumed in the literature. With a mean value of , our data also show significant diversity from event to event. This
deviation has implications for the distribution of 56Ni throughout the SN
ejecta, with a higher index suggesting a lesser degree of 56Ni mixing. The
range of n found also confirms that the 56Ni distribution is not standard
throughout the population of SNe Ia, in agreement with earlier work measuring
such abundances through spectral modelling. We also show that the duration of
the very early light curve, before the luminosity has reached half of its
maximal value, does not correlate with the light curve shape or stretch used to
standardise SNe Ia in cosmological applications. This has implications for the
cosmological fitting of SN Ia light curves.Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Spectral Models for Early Time SN 2011fe Observations
We use observed UV through near IR spectra to examine whether SN 2011fe can
be understood in the framework of Branch-normal SNe Ia and to examine its
individual peculiarities. As a benchmark, we use a delayed-detonation model
with a progenitor metallicity of Z_solar/20. We study the sensitivity of
features to variations in progenitor metallicity, the outer density profile,
and the distribution of radioactive nickel. The effect of metallicity
variations in the progenitor have a relatively small effect on the synthetic
spectra. We also find that the abundance stratification of SN 2011fe resembles
closely that of a delayed detonation model with a transition density that has
been fit to other Branch-normal Type Ia supernovae. At early times, the model
photosphere is formed in material with velocities that are too high, indicating
that the photosphere recedes too slowly or that SN 2011fe has a lower specific
energy in the outer ~0.1 M_sun than does the model. We discuss several
explanations for the discrepancies. Finally, we examine variations in both the
spectral energy distribution and in the colors due to variations in the
progenitor metallicity, which suggests that colors are only weak indicators for
the progenitor metallicity, in the particular explosion model that we have
studied. We do find that the flux in the U band is significantly higher at
maximum light in the solar metallicity model than in the lower metallicity
model and the lower metallicity model much better matches the observed
spectrum.Comment: 9 pages, 14 figures, MNRAS, in press, fixed typ
The progenitor and early evolution of the Type IIb SN 2016gkg
We report initial observations and analysis on the Type IIb SN~2016gkg in the
nearby galaxy NGC~613. SN~2016gkg exhibited a clear double-peaked light curve
during its early evolution, as evidenced by our intensive photometric follow-up
campaign. SN~2016gkg shows strong similarities with other Type IIb SNe, in
particular with respect to the \he~emission features observed in both the
optical and near infrared. SN~2016gkg evolved faster than the prototypical
Type~IIb SN~1993J, with a decline similar to that of SN~2011dh after the first
peak. The analysis of archival {\it Hubble Space Telescope} images indicate a
pre-explosion source at SN~2016gkg's position, suggesting a progenitor star
with a mid F spectral type and initial mass \msun, depending on
the distance modulus adopted for NGC~613. Modeling the temperature evolution
within of explosion, we obtain a progenitor radius of
\rsun, smaller than that obtained from the analysis of the
pre-explosion images (\rsun).Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to ApJ Letter
Constraints on Planetary Companions in the Magnification A=256 Microlensing Event: OGLE-2003-BLG-423
We develop a new method of modeling microlensing events based on a Monte
Carlo simulation that incorporates both a Galactic model and the constraints
imposed by the observed characteristics of the event. The method provides an
unbiased way to analyze the event especially when parameters are poorly
constrained by the observed lightcurve. We apply this method to search for
planetary companions of the lens in OGLE-2003-BLG-423, whose maximum
magnification A_max=256+-43 (or A_max=400+-115 from the lightcurve data alone)
is the highest among single-lens events ever recorded. The method permits us,
for the first time, to place constraints directly in the
planet-mass/projected-physical-separation plane rather than in the
mass-ratio/Einstein-radius plane as was done previously. For example,
Jupiter-mass companions of main-sequence stars at 2.5 AU are excluded with 80%
efficiency.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
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