The FCC’s Financial Qualification Requirements: Economic Evaluation of a Barrier to Entry for Minority Broadcasters

When analyzing issues surrounding minority ownership of media, scholars have often noted that policy discussions in the area suffer from the linked problems of inadequate data and a lack of tools with which to analyze the data that do exist and might be collected. In Issue Three of Volume 51, several authors made this particular observation. To address this problem, This Article shows how one may use economic analysis and a financial model of a typical radio broadcaster to quantify the effects of specific policies. Specifically, the Article focuses on barriers to entry imposed by the FCC’s financial qualification requirements and by the dropping of the minority tax certificates

The FCC’s Financial Qualification Requirements: Economic Evaluation of a Barrier to Entry for Minority Broadcasters

When analyzing issues surrounding minority ownership of media, scholars have often noted that policy discussions in the area suffer from the linked problems of inadequate data and a lack of tools with which to analyze the data that do exist and might be collected. In Issue Three of Volume 51, several authors made this particular observation. To address this problem, This Article shows how one may use economic analysis and a financial model of a typical radio broadcaster to quantify the effects of specific policies. Specifically, the Article focuses on barriers to entry imposed by the FCC’s financial qualification requirements and by the dropping of the minority tax certificates

Serum nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in a hypertensive population in Sokoto, Nigeria

Background: Hypertension is recognized as most common cardiovascular disorder and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with impaired nitric oxide is an important risk factor for both hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. There is abnormal lipid peroxidation which suggested that oxidative stress is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension.  This study assessed serum levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in hypertensive population in Sokoto-Nigeria.Methods: A total of 474 subjects who are within the age range of 25 to 76 years, including 316 hypertensive patients and 158 age- and sex- matched normotensive subjects were included in this study. Clinical and anthropometric parameters, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were measured using standard techniques.Results: The result indicated that, mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly (p˂0.001) higher in hypertensive patients (166.00±1.39mmHg) than controls (124.97±0.95 mmHg) similarly the mean BMI was significantly (p˂0.001) higher in hypertensive patients (27.13±0.31 Kg/m2) than controls (23.54±0.12Kg/m2). Mean serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly (p˂0.001) higher in hypertensive patients (3.62±0.07µmol/L) as compared to controls (1.97±0.03µmol/L), while serum nitric oxide (NO) was significantly (p=0.009) lower among hypertensive patients (7.12±0.14µmol/L) than controls (15.26±0.15µmol/L).Conclusions: Hypertension is a complex disorder that is strongly associated with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aetiology of the association between impaired NO bioactivity, increase MDA and hypertension has not been fully elucidated. Further clarification of the role of impaired NO bioactivity and increased MDA level in hypertension could have important implications for the management of hypertension

The Pricing Decision: Balancing the Cost-Based and Market-Based Approaches in Different Industries

The objectives of this paper are to discuss cost estimating and pricing issues in four different industries, to analyze methods and strategies that are used in the costing and pricing of products in those industries, and to make general comparisons about costing and pricing techniques. Accurate projection of costs is essential to the survival of any firm because cost estimates often determine whether a project will be authorized to begin or continue, the amount of resources that will be allocated to a particular product or product line, the prices of products, and the firm\u27s and product line\u27s profitability. Many management accounting experts have discussed the importance of useful product costing systems. They emphasize that analysts can more accurately estimate costs if they have systems that identify casual factors or cost drivers. Robin Cooper and Robert S. Kaplan write that, If the cost system does not correctly attribute the additional costs to the products that cause them, then the firm might end up competing in segments where the scope-related costs exceed the benefits from larger-scale production. Kaplan and Cooper researched data from several companies and found that a significant problem with product costing systems is that costs, particularly fixed costs, are allocated on the basis of a measure such as direct labor hours, which may not be a factor that actually causes these costs. Instead, they suggest the idea of transaction costing, in which costs are assigned to units that cause the transaction to occur. Product costing systems often play an important role in the pricing of products. We will now present some basic pricing concepts to link the costing and pricing processes together

Hamiltonian solutions of the 3-body problem in (2+1)-gravity

We present a full study of the 3-body problem in gravity in flat (2+1)-dimensional space-time, and in the nonrelativistic limit of small velocities. We provide an explicit form of the ADM Hamiltonian in a regular coordinate system and we set up all the ingredients for canonical quantization. We emphasize the role of a U(2) symmetry under which the Hamiltonian is invariant and which should generalize to a U(N-1) symmetry for N bodies. This symmetry seems to stem from a braid group structure in the operations of looping of particles around each other, and guarantees the single-valuedness of the Hamiltonian. Its role for the construction of single-valued energy eigenfunctions is also discussed.Comment: 25 pages, no figure. v2: some calculation details removed to make the paper more concise (see v1 for the longer version), minor correction in a formula in the section on quantization, references added; results and conclusions unchange

Prevalence of injuries in a selected cohort of high school football players in the city of Winnipeg

While many studies have been published documenting injuries in college aged and professional sports, there are few studies that describe the prevalence of injuries among high school athletes. As a first step to creating an injury prevention strategy for high school football, the following study describes the prevalence of injuries among high school aged players. The study included 464 high school football athletes aged 15-18 years. Injuries for the 2005 Winnipeg high school football season were recorded. Athletes were more often injured during practices. The lower body was defined as any structure below the waist. The leg was most often involved in an injury, followed by the torso, and the hand. Sprains/strains and contusions occurred more frequently than concussions and fractures. Defensive backs and linebackers displayed the greatest number of injuries for the defense compared with the running backs on offense. Injury surveillance in Winnipeg will provide comparison opportunities of injury data against established studies with similar cohorts. Injuries will occur within any physical activity (Backx et al, 1991). Therefore, implementation of injury surveillance measures will monitor the injury profile