Daily antibiotic cost of nosocomial infections in a Turkish university hospital

BACKGROUND: Many studies associated nosocomial infections with increased hospital costs due to extra days in hospital, staff time, extra investigations and drug treatment. The cost of antibiotic treatment for these infections represents a significant part of hospital expenditure. This prospective observational study was designed to determine the daily antibiotic cost of nosocomial infections per infected adult patient in Akdeniz University Hospital. METHODS: All adult patients admitted to the ICUs between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2003 who had only one nosocomial infection during their stay were included in the study. Infection sites and pathogens, antimicrobial treatment of patient and it's cost were recorded. Daily antibiotic costs were calculated per infected patient. RESULTS: Among the 8460 study patients, 817 (16.6%) developed 1407 episodes of nosocomial infection. Two hundred thirty three (2.7%) presented with only one nosocomial infection. Mean daily antibiotic cost was $89.64. Daily antibiotic cost was$99.02 for pneumonia, $94.32 for bloodstream infection,$94.31 for surgical site infection, $52.37 for urinary tract infection, and$162.35 for the other infections per patient. The treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections was the most expensive infection treated. Piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin were the most prescribed antibiotics, and meropenem was the most expensive drug for treatment of the nosocomial infections in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Daily antibiotic cost of nosocomial infections is an important part of extra costs that should be reduced providing rational antibiotic usage in hospitals

Doksorubisin Bağlı Kitosan Kaplı Manyetik Nanoparçacıkların Meme Kanseri Hücre Hatları Üzerindeki Etkinliğinin İmmünositokimya Yöntemi İle Belirlenmesi

Nanoparçacıkların kanser tedavisi, ilaç hedefleme ve kontrollü ilaç salım sistemlerinde kullanımı çalışmaları son zamanlarda artış göstermektedir. Nanoparçacıklar küçük boyutları sayesinde hücre içine kolay alınabilmekte ve çeşitli malzemelerle kaplanarak yüzey özellikleri değiştirilebilmektedir. Tümör hücrelerine hedeflendirilebilen manyetik nanoparçacıklar (MNP) kanser tanı ve tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Manyetik özellik taşıyan nanoparçacıklar, manyetik alan varlığında istenilen bölgeye hedeflenebilme özellikleri sayesinde ilaç hedefleme ve kontrollü salıma yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Dışarıdan uygulanan manyetik alan tarafından kolayca kontrol edilebilen bu tür nanoparçacıklar, yeterli miktarda anti-kanser ilacın hücrelere taşınmasında etkili olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada manyetik özellikli kitosan kaplı nanoparçacıkların sentezlenmesi, anti kanser bir ilaç olan Doksorubisin’in nanoparçacıklara yüklenmesi ve in vitro koşullarda nanoparçacıkların MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hatlarına uygulanması amaçlanmaktadır. Sentezlenen kitosan kaplı nanoparçacıkların merkezinde bulunan manyetit (Fe3O4) demiroksit nanoparçacıklara manyetik özellik sağlayacaktır. Kitosan polimeri ile kaplı olarak sentezlenen MNP’lerin karakterizasyonu yapıldıktan sonra, MNP’lere doksorubisin ilacı yüklenecektir. Oluşturulan yapının karakteristik özellikleri belirlenecek ve in vitro koşullarda istenilen hücrelere yönlendirilebilme özellikleri incelenecektir. MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hatları üzerindeki toksik etkileri sitotoksisite analizleri ile araştırılacaktır. Projenin son kısmında, Doksorubisin yüklü nanoparçacıkların MCF-7 hücre hatları üzerindeki etkinliği immünositokimya yöntemi ile belirlenecektir

A new approach to biochemistry: Bibliometric and altmetric analyses in the ketogenic diet

Recently, as doctors and researchers investigate into to the possible benefits of daily diets, ketogenic diets (KD) have started to gain popularity. As the growing up popularity of KD in social media, researchers had the chance to show their academic studies to the public more easily. Therefore, in this study, KD is discussed in terms of the recently popular "altmetric analysis" by scientists. The aim of study is to highlight the role of the ketogenic diet, figure out the mechanism of ketone bodies and the pivotal role of altmetric studies in health sciences. In order to investigate the novel aspects of the top 100 (T100) most cited scientific research paper in academia, 100 most discussed research paper was selected on social media platforms about KD from 1992 to 2019 and it was compared in terms of bibliometrics in web of science and in terms of social media impact in altmetric.com. While the total citations of the top 100 articles ranged from 143–109, altmetric values of T100 are 0–1269. According to the top social media platforms where the articles are mentioned, Twitter, Facebook, and Patent are the most popular social media platforms, respectively. It was not always coherent how altmetric data related to traditional bibliometric analysis. Thus, it might be suggested that bibliometric and altmetric assessments be viewed as complementary to one another. And by far the most important result of this study is that the articles with the highest citation may not receive much attention on social media due to their subject content. [Med-Science 2023; 12(4.000): 1145-53

Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid loading onto different generations of PAMAM dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles

WOS: 000322593200053Poly (I:C), which is a synthetic double-stranded RNA, have significant toxicity on tumor cells. The immobilization of Poly (I:C) onto nanoparticles is important for the fabrication of targeted delivery systems. In this study, different generations of newly synthesized PAMAM dendron-coated magnetic nanoparticles (DcMNP) which can be targeted to the tumor site under magnetic field were efficiently loaded for the first time with Poly (I:C). Different generations of DcMNPs (G(2), G(3), G(4), G(5), G(6), and G(7)) were synthesized. Poly (I:C) activation was achieved in the presence of EDC and 1-methylimidazole. Loading of Poly (I:C) onto DcMNPs was followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Acidic reaction conditions were found as superior to basic and neutral for binding of Poly (I:C). In addition, having more functional groups at the surface, higher generations (G(7), G(6), and G(5)) of PAMAM DcMNPs were found more suitable as a delivery system for Poly (I:C). Further in vitro and in vivo analyses of Poly (I:C)/PAMAM magnetic nanoparticles may provide new opportunities for the selective targeting and killing of tumor cells.TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-109T949, TBAG-2215]; Middle East Technical UniversityMiddle East Technical University [BAP-07-02-2010-06]This study was supported by TUBITAK (TBAG-109T949 and TBAG-2215), and Middle East Technical University (BAP-07-02-2010-06)

Synthesis optimization and characterization of chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles produced for biomedical applications

WOS: 000310608100037The chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CS MNPs) were in situ synthesized by cross-linking method. In this method; during the adsorption of cationic chitosan molecules onto the surface of anionic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with electrostatic interactions, tripolyphosphate (TPP) is added for ionic cross-linking of the chitosan molecules with each other. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. The XRD and XPS analyses proved that the synthesized iron oxide was magnetite (Fe3O4). The layer of chitosan on the magnetite surface was confirmed by FTIR. TEM results demonstrated a spherical morphology. In the synthesis, at higher NH4OH concentrations, smaller sized nanoparticles were obtained. The average diameters were generally between 2 and 8 nm for CS MNPs in TEM and between 58 and 103 nm in DLS. The average diameters of bare MNPs were found as around 18 nm both in TEM and DLS. TGA results indicated that the chitosan content of CS MNPs were between 15 and 23 % by weight. Bare and CS MNPs were superparamagnetic. These nanoparticles were found non-cytotoxic on cancer cell lines (SiHa, HeLa). The synthesized MNPs have many potential applications in biomedicine including targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic hyperthermia.[TUBITAK-TBAG(1001)/109T949]The support of Assist. Prof. Dr Bora Mavis for FTIR is gratefully acknowledged, as well as financial support by TUBITAK-TBAG(1001)/109T949

PAMAM dendrimer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and characterization of different generations

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of different generations (G(0)-G(7)) of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles (DcMNPs). In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were modified with aminopropyltrimethoxysilane for dendrimer coating. Aminosilane-modified MNPs were coated with PAMAM dendrimer. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. TEM images demonstrated that the DcMNPs have monodisperse size distribution with an average particle diameter of 16 +/- 5 nm. DcMNPs were found to be superparamagnetic through VSM analysis. The synthesis, aminosilane modification, and dendrimer coating of iron oxide nanoparticles were validated by FTIR and XPS analyses. Cellular internalization of nanoparticles was studied by inverted light scattering microscopy, and cytotoxicity was determined by XTT analysis. Results demonstrated that the synthesized DcMNPs, with their functional groups, symmetry perfection, size distribution, improved magnetic properties, and nontoxic characteristics could be suitable nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy upon loading with various anticancer agents

Doxorubicin loading, release, and stability of polyamidoamine dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles

WOS: 000319071200016PubMed ID: 23558592Nanotechnology is a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of classical chemotherapy. As a novel approach, dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles (DcMNPs) maintain suitable drug delivery system because of their buildup of functional groups, symmetry perfection, nanosize, and internal cavities. They can also be targeted to the tumor site in a magnetic field. The aim of this study is to obtain an effective targeted delivery system for doxorubicin, using polyamidoamine (PAMAM) DcMNPs. Different generations (G2, G3, G4, and G7) of PAMAM DcMNPs were synthesized. Doxorubicin loading, release, and stability efficiencies in these nanoparticles (NPs) were studied. The results showed that low-generation NPs obtained in this study have pH-sensitive drug release characteristics. G4DcMNP, which releases most of the drug in lower pH, seems to be the most suitable generation for efficient Doxorubicin delivery. Furthermore, application of doxorubicin-loaded G4DcMNPs may help to overcome doxorubicin resistance in MCF-7 cells. On the contrary, G2 and G3DcMNPs would be suitable for the delivery of drugs such as vinca alkaloids (Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, Burnett JP. 1963. Cancer Res 23:13901427.) and taxenes (Clarke SJ, Rivory LP. 1999. Clin Pharmacokinet 36(2):99114.), which show their effects in cytoplasm. The results of this study can provide new insights in the development of pH-sensitive targeted drug delivery systems to overcome drug resistance during cancer therapy. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:18251835, 2013TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-109T949, TBAG-2215]; Middle East Technical UniversityMiddle East Technical University [BAP-07-02-2010-06]This study was supported by TUBITAK (TBAG-109T949 and TBAG-2215) and Middle East Technical University (BAP-07-02-2010-06)

Polyhydroxybutyrate-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Doxorubicin Delivery: Cytotoxic Effect Against Doxorubicin-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Line

WOS: 000345012600018PubMed ID: 25137407In this study, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared by coprecipitation of iron salts (Fe2+ and Fe3+) by ammonium hydroxide. Characterizations of PHB-coated MNPs were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, thermal gravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Doxorubicin was loaded onto PHB-MNPs, and the release efficiencies at different pHs were studied under in vitro conditions. The most efficient drug loading concentration was found about 87% at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The drug-loaded MNPs were stable up to 2 months in neutral pH for mimicking physiological conditions. The drug release studies were performed with acetate buffer (pH 4.5) that mimics endosomal pH. Doxorubicin (60%) released from PHB-MNPs within 65 hours. Doxorubicin-loaded PHB-MNPs were about 2.5-fold more cytotoxic as compared with free drug on resistant Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma, MCF-7) cell line (1 mu M doxorubicin) in vitro. Therefore, doxorubicin-loaded PHB-MNPs lead to overcome the drug resistance.Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, TurkeyAhi Evran University [BAP-PYO-KMY.4001.12.007]Supported by Ahi Evran University (BAP-PYO-KMY.4001.12.007), Kirsehir, Turkey

Synthesis of Doxorubicin loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for pH responsive targeted drug delivery

WOS: 000340301500028PubMed ID: 24931189Targeted drug delivery is a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of classical chemotherapy. In an ideal targeted drug delivery system carrier nanoparticles would be directed to the tumor tissue and selectively release therapeutic molecules. As a novel approach, chitosan coated magnetic nanoparticles (CS MNPs) maintain a pH dependent drug delivery which provides targeting of drugs to the tumor site under a magnetic field. Among various materials, chitosan has a great importance as a pH sensitive, natural, biodegradable, biocompatible and bioadhesive polymer. The aim of this study was to obtain an effective targeted delivery system for Doxorubicin, using chitosan coated MNPs. Different sized CS MNPs were produced by in situ synthesis method. The anti-cancer agent Doxorubicin was loaded onto CS MNPs which were characterized previously. Doxorubicin loading was confirmed by FTIR. Drug loading and release characteristics, and stability of the nanoparticles were investigated. Our results showed that the CS MNPs have pH responsive release characteristics. The cellular internalization of Doxorubicin loaded CS MNPs were visualized by fluorescent microscopy. Doxorubicin loaded CS MNPs are efficiently taken up by MCF-7 (MCF-7/S) and Doxorubicin resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/1 mu M) breast cancer cells, which increases the efficacy of drug and also maintains overcoming the resistance of Doxorubicin in MCF-7/Dox cells. Consequently, CS MNPs synthesized at various sizes can be effectively used for the pH dependent release of Doxorubicin in cancer cells. Results of this study can provide new insights in the development of pH responsive targeted drug delivery systems to overcome the side effects of conventional chemotherapy. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved