Die ökonomischen Effekte von Sanktionen

Sanktionen stellen Zwangsmaßnahmen dar, die bei der Bewältigung politischer Spannungen zwischen Nationen eine lange und wiederkehrende Stellung einnehmen. Sie werden sowohl einseitig als auch in Staatenbündnissen verhängt und besonders nach dem 2. Weltkrieg mit zunehmender Häufigkeit eingesetzt. Während im letzten Jahrhundert, insbesondere vor dem 2. Weltkrieg, Handelsbeschränkungen und umfassende Wirtschaftsblockaden die vorherrschenden Sanktionsinstrumente darstellten, werden heute in einer stärker integrierten und globalisierten Welt Sanktionen in verschiedenen weiteren Formen verhängt, einschließlich internationaler Finanzbeschränkungen, Reiseverbote, Handelseinschränkungen für bestimmte Gütergruppen, Aufhebung militärischer Hilfen und spezifische Einschränkungen, wie beispielsweise Flugverbote und Hafensperrungen.Sanctions represent a prominent coercive tool that has been utilised extensively in addressing political tensions between nations. These measures are imposed both unilaterally and in alliances of states, and have become increasingly prevalent since the Second World War. In the previous century, particularly before the WWII, trade restrictions and comprehensive economic blockades were the dominant tools to sanction. In contrast, in today’s more interconnected and globalised world, sanctions take on a variety of forms, such as international financial restrictions, travel bans, trade restrictions on specific goods, cancellation of military aid, and targeted measures like flight bans and port closures. The increasing demand for and use of international sanctions raises a fundamental question: Do sanctions lead to political success

100 Jahre Türkische Republik

Kommenta

Effect of Meal Time Feeding and Protein Restriction on Body Weight and Gait Score in Broilers

Leg problems have been widely discussed in numerous research reports. Increasing activity via environmental management or decreasing growth by lowering dietary protein level may improve gait score. This experiment was designed to study the effects of meal time feeding and protein restriction on body weight and gait score in broilers. A total of 420 day-old chicks were wing banded at hatch and randomly distributed into 21 pens with 20 chicks each. At 7 days of age chicks were weighed and assigned at random to one of the 3 treatments: 1. Control: feed was available for ad libitum feeding 2). Meal time feeding: feed was available from 1 to 9 am and from 3 to 11pm. Food was withdrawn from 9 am to 3 pm and wheat (10 g/bird/day) was dispersed on the floor. 3). Low protein diet: a diet with 19.5 % protein was fed to the chicks from 7 to 21 days. The chicks were fed ad libitum from 1 to 7 days of age and from 21 to 45d of age with a standard commercial diet. There were seven replicate pens (140 birds) per treatment. Light was off from 11 pm to 1 am during the experiment. Body weight was measured individually at 21 and 45 days of age. Cumulative food consumption was measured on the pen basis and feed conversion was calculated. Each broiler classified into 4 categories at 45d of age; 0: the bird walked normally; 1: the bird able to walk but had an obvious gait defect, 2: the bird walked only when driven 3: the bird did not walk. There were no body weight differences at 7 days of age among groups. Birds fed ad libitum had significantly heavier body weight at 21 and 45 days of age than for those in the other group, which did not differ. Body weight gain from 7 to 21 and 21 to 45 days followed the same pattern. No interaction was observed between treatment and sex for body weight. The results suggested that compensatory growth at 45d of age did not observed either for meal time fed broilers or low protein fed broilers from 7 to 21 days. Feed intake was reduced by meal time feeding and better feed conversion was achieved compare with other groups. The feeding programs used in this experiment did not improve the gait score of broilers.Key words: broiler, meal time feeding, protein restriction, performance, gait scor

The effects of heterogeneous sanctions on exporting firms: Evidence from Denmark

AbstractSanctions encompass a wide set of policy instruments restricting cross‐border economic activities. In this paper, we study how different types of sanctions affect the export behavior of firms to the targeted countries. We combine Danish register data, including information on firm‐destination‐specific exports, with information on sanctions imposed by Denmark from the Global Sanctions Database. Our data allow us to study firms' export behavior in 62 sanctioned countries, amounting to a total of 453 country‐years with sanctions over the period 2000–2015. Methodologically, we apply a two‐stage estimation strategy to properly account for multilateral resistance terms. We find that, on average, sanctions lead to a significant reduction in firms' destination‐specific exports and a significant increase in firms' probability to exit the destination. Next, we study heterogeneity in the effects of sanctions across (i) sanction types and sanction packages, (ii) the objectives of sanctions, and (iii) countries subject to sanctions. Results confirm that the effects of sanctions on firms' export behavior vary considerably across these three dimensions

On the heterogeneous trade and welfare effects of GATT/WTO membership

We build on the latest developments in the structural gravity literature to quantify the partial and general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 countries over the period 1980-2016, we find that the average impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member counties is large, positive, and significant. We contribute to the literature by estimating country-specific estimates and find them to vary widely across the countries in our sample with poorer members benefitting more. Using these estimates, we simulate the general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO on welfare, which are sizable and heterogeneous across members, and relatively small for non-member countries. We show that countries not experiencing positive trade effects from joining GATT/WTO can still gain in terms of welfare, due to beneficial terms-of-trade effects

On the heterogeneous trade and welfare effects of GATT/WTO membership

We quantify the partial and general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 countries over the period 1980-2016, we find that the average impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member countries is large, positive, and significant. We contribute to the literature by estimating country-specific estimates and find them to vary widely across the countries in our sample with poorer members benefitting more. Using these estimates, we simulate the general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO on welfare, which are sizable and heterogeneous across members, and relatively small for non-member countries. We show that countries not experiencing positive trade effects from joining GATT/WTO can still gain in terms of welfare, due to lower import prices and higher export demand

On the heterogenous trade and welfare effects of GATT/WTO membership

We quantify the partial and general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO membership on trade and welfare. Using an extensive database covering manufacturing trade for 186 countries over the period 1980-2016, we find that the average impact of GATT/WTO membership on trade among member counties is large, positive, and significant. We contribute to the literature by estimating country-specific estimates and find them to vary widely across the countries in our sample with poorer members benefitting more. Using these estimates, we simulate the general equilibrium effects of GATT/WTO on welfare, which are sizable and heterogeneous across members, and relatively small for non-member countries. We show that countries not experiencing positive trade effects from joining GATT/WTO can still gain in terms of welfare, due to lower import prices and higher export demand