Dark‑adaptation in the eyes of a lake and a sea population of opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta): retinoid isomer dynamics, rhodopsin regeneration, and recovery of light sensitivity

We have studied dark-adaptation at three levels in the eyes of the crustaceanMysis relictaover 2-3 weeks after exposing initially dark-adapted animals to strong white light: regeneration of 11-cisretinal through the retinoid cycle (by HPLC), restoration of native rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes (by MSP), and recovery of eye photosensitivity (by ERG). We compare two model populations ("Sea", S-p, and "Lake", L-p) inhabiting, respectively, a low light and an extremely dark environment. 11-cisretinal reached 60-70% of the pre-exposure levels after 2 weeks in darkness in both populations. The only significant L-p/S(p)difference in the retinoid cycle was that L(p)had much higher levels of retinol, both basal and light-released. In S-p, rhodopsin restoration and eye photoresponse recovery parallelled 11-cisretinal regeneration. In L-p, however, even after 3 weeks only ca. 25% of the rhabdoms studied had incorporated new rhodopsin, and eye photosensitivity showed only incipient recovery from severe depression. The absorbance spectra of the majority of the L(p)rhabdoms stayed constant around 490-500 nm, consistent with metarhodopsin II dominance. We conclude that sensitivity recovery of S(p)eyes was rate-limited by the regeneration of 11-cisretinal, whilst that of L(p)eyes was limited by inertia in photoreceptor membrane turnover.Peer reviewe

Model of interaction of a modern pedagogical university with the regional education system

The significance and general characteristics of the interaction of a pedagogical university with the regional education system are shown. Its immanent features are singled out (pedagogical nature, systemic and creative nature, non-linearity, transparency and flexibility of implementation, lability of functional connections, openness to changes in the external environment). The description of the author’s model of this interaction, formed considering the specifics of the work of the education system of the Krasnodar Region, is given. When describing the model, the main subjects of its implementation are updated and the possibilities of using the innovative infrastructure of the regional education system are disclosed. Significant attention is paid to working with future teachers who do not have the ability and readiness to work with children, but are focused on methodological activities, to consolidate them in the education sector of the region. The sections that make up the roadmap for the interaction of a modern pedagogical university with the regional education system, including regulatory, scientific and methodological, organizational and practical, material and technical, informational and control and diagnostic sections, as well as its key activities, are indicated

Nutrition Management in Neurogenic Dysphagia

Neurogenic dysphagia is an increasingly common problem. This chapter describes current approaches to enteral nutrition in patients with neurogenic dysphagia. We have shown the possibilities and our experience of using diet with a measured degree of density, specialized thickeners for drinks and food, ready-made enteral mixtures. We also identified patients who need a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy

The Category of Colour Naming in English, German and Mari Idioms

Colour naming is reflected in all the languages of the world, namely, in phraseological units where one of the components denotes a colour. The objective of the article is to study idioms in three unrelated languages: English, German and Mari and to reveal how they are organized around universal focal colours. The article analyses 205 idioms of the English language, where one of the components includes colour naming. The research shows that in the English language ‘black’ (47 units, 23 %), ‘blue’ (39 units, 19 %), ‘red’ (32 units, 16 %) and ‘white’ (32 units, 16 %) form the core of the category. In the German language 185 phraseological units have been found, among which ‘schwarz/black’ (42 units, 21 %), ‘grün/green’ (36 units, 20 %) and ‘blau/blue’ (35 units, 19 %) are dominating colours. In the Mari language – 18 idioms: ‘шем/black’ (8 units, 44,5 %), the same amount of ‘ош/white’ (8 units, 44,5 %),‘ ужар/green’ (1 idiom, 5,5 %) and ‘йошкар/red’ (1 idiom, 5,5 %). Taking into account their semantic meaning, all the idioms in three languages have been divided into nine groups. According to their semantic organization, four classes of idioms have been distinguished. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p3

Lake and Sea Populations of Mysis relicta (Crustacea, Mysida) with Different Visual-Pigment Absorbance Spectra Use the Same A1 Chromophore

Peer reviewe

Akkermansia muciniphila - friend or foe in colorectal cancer?

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, which represents a part of the commensal human microbiota. Decline in the abundance of A. muciniphila among other microbial species in the gut correlates with severe systemic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Due to its mucin-reducing and immunomodulatory properties, the use of probiotics containing Akkermansia sp. appears as a promising approach to the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. In particular, a number of studies have focused on the role of A. muciniphila in colorectal cancer. Of note, the results of these studies in mice are contradictory: some reported a protective role of A. muciniphila in colorectal cancer, while others demonstrated that administration of A. muciniphila could aggravate the course of the disease resulting in increased tumor burden. More recent studies suggested the immunomodulatory effect of certain unique surface antigens of A. muciniphila on the intestinal immune system. In this Perspective, we attempt to explain how A. muciniphila contributes to protection against colorectal cancer in some models, while being pathogenic in others. We argue that differences in the experimental protocols of administration of A. muciniphila, as well as viability of bacteria, may significantly affect the results. In addition, we hypothesize that antigens presented by pasteurized bacteria or live A. muciniphila may exert distinct effects on the barrier functions of the gut. Finally, A. muciniphila may reduce the mucin barrier and exerts combined effects with other bacterial species in either promoting or inhibiting cancer development

PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY WITH ULTRASONIC NAVIGATION AS A METHOD OF CHOICE TO PROVIDE ENTERAL NUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CRITICAL CONDITION

Цель. Анализ эффективности УЗ-навигации при чрескожной эндоскопической гастростомии для повышения безопасности метода обеспечения пути доставки энтерального питания.Материалы и методы. Чрескожная эндоскопическая гастростомия методикой «на себя» (pull), дополненная УЗ навигацией, была выполнена 115 пациентам с последствиями тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы (ЧМТ) и церебральными инсультами, находящимся в длительном (хроническом) критическом состоянии и имеющим стойкую дисфагию в период их реабилитации в ФНКЦ РР. Результаты. Все пациенты перенесли операцию удовлетворительно и уже через сутки могли получать энтеральное питание. У двух пациентов (1,7%) наблюдалось осложнение в виде пневмоперитонеума, которое потребовало дополнительного назначения антибактериальной терапии и благополучно разрешилось через 7–10 дней, без дополнительных хирургических вмешательств. Добавление в методику УЗИ области, определенной по диафаноскопии, оправдало себя в 15-ти случаях (13,0%): из них с частотой 73,0% в определенной для пункции точки выявлен край печени, и с частотой 27,0% выявлена поперечно-ободочная кишка. Выводы. 1. Чрескожная эндоскопическая гастростомия по методике «pull» с добавлением УЗ-навигации является адекватным способом обеспечения пути энтерального питания у пациентов в длительном (хроническом) критическом состоянии.2. Проведение УЗ-навигации области, определенной диафаноскопией, непосредственно перед пункцией желудка, особенно у пациентов с гепатомегалией, избыточной массой тела и у пациентов, имеющих в анамнезе оперативные вмешательства на брюшной полости, позволило избежать послеоперационных тяжелых осложнений в 13,0% случаев, что доказывает целесообразность применения исследования, как часть чрескожной эндоскопической гастростомии.3. Выполняя чрескожную эндоскопическую гастростомию под УЗ-навигацией, удалось снизить число осложнений.Background. Analysis of the effectiveness of ULTRASOUND navigation in case of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy to improve the security method of ensuring the delivery of enteral nutrition.Materials and methods. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with the technique «pull», supplemented by ULTRASOUND navigation, was performed in 115 patients with the consequences of severe craniocerebral trauma and cerebral strokes, who are in a chronic critical condition and have persistent dysphagia during their rehabilitation. Results. All patients underwent surgery satisfactorily and in a day could receive enteral nutrition. In two patients (1.7%) there was a complication in the form of pneumoperitoneum, which required additional antibacterial therapy and was successfully resolved after 7–10 days, without additional surgical interventions. Adding to the ultrasound technique the area defined by diaphanoscope, proved to be effective in 15 cases (13,0%) of them with a frequency of 73,0% in particular for puncturing points of the detected liver edge, and a rate of 27,0% revealed transverse colon. Conclusion. 1. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with the technique «pull», supplemented by ULTRASOUND navigation, is an adequate way to ensure the path of enteral nutrition in patients in long-term (chronic) critical condition.2. Carrying out the ULTRASOUND navigation of the area determined by diafanoscopy immediately before the puncture of the stomach, especially in patients with hepatomegaly, overweight and in patients with a history of surgical interventions in the abdominal cavity, allowed to avoid postoperative severe complications in 13% of cases, which proves the feasibility of the study, as part of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.3. Performing the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy under the ULTRASOUND navigation, it was possible to reduce the number of complications

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe