Information Security Using DNA Sequences

   يعد أمن المعلومات من المواضيع المهمة، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى النمو الهائل في استخدام الإنترنت على مدى السنوات القليلة الماضية. نتيجة لهذا النمو، كانت هناك حالات وصول غير مصرح به، والتي تم تقليلها بفضل "استخدام مجموعة من بروتوكولات الاتصال الآمن، مثل التشفير وإخفاء البيانات". باستخدام القدرات الجزيئية الحيوية للحمض النووي، ازداد استخدام الحمض النووي كناقل للتشفير وإخفاء البيانات في السنوات الأخيرة. أثار إدراك أن الحمض النووي قد يعمل كوسيط نقل أثار هذه الحركة. في هذه الدراسة، نفحص أولاً ونلخص بإيجاز تطور نظام ترميز الحمض النووي الحالي. بعد ذلك، يتم تصنيف الطرق العديدة التي تم بها استخدام الحمض النووي لتحسين تقنيات التشفير. تمت مناقشة مزايا وعيوب هذه الخوارزميات وأحدث التطورات في تقنيات التشفير القائم على الحمض النووي. أخيرًا، نقدم أفكارنا حول المستقبل المحتمل لخوارزميات التشفير القائمة على الحمض النووي.Information security is a significant cause for concern, mainly because of the explosive growth in internet usage over the last few years. Due to this growth, there have been occurrences of unauthorized access, which have been reduced thanks to “using a range of secure communication protocols, such as encryption and data concealment”. Using DNA's bio-molecular capabilities, the usage of DNA as a carrier for encryption and data concealing has increased in recent years. The realization that DNA may function as a transport medium sparked this movement. In this study, we first examine and briefly outline the evolution of the present DNA coding system. After that, the several ways DNA has been used to enhance encryption techniques are categorized. The benefits and drawbacks of these algorithms and the most recent advancements in DNA-based encryption techniques are discussed. Finally, we provide our thoughts on the potential future of DNA-based encryption algorithms. &nbsp

Classifying Three Stages of Cataract Disease using CNN

مقدمة:   من بين العديد من الأمراض التي تصيب شبكية العين هو الساد . يعتبر مرض الساد من أخطر مشاكل الصحة العامة الدوائية في الدول النامية.  يمكن أن يحدث  دون التسبب في أي أعراض. وهو يعتبر أحد الأسباب الرئيسية للعمى أو عدم وضوح الرؤية لكبار السن. لذلك ، فإن الاكتشاف الدقيق والمبكر لإعتام عدسة العين حسب شدة الحالة مطلوب للحفاظ على الرؤية ومنع الزيادة العالمية في العمى الناجم عن إعتام عدسة العين. كما هو الحال مع معظم الأمراض المتعلقة بالعيون، فقد ثبت أن العلاجات والتشخيص المبكر يمنعان فقدان البصر . و بالمقارنة مع طرق التشخيص اليدوية، تساعد أنظمة تحليل الشبكية الأوتوماتيكي في تقليل وقت للمرضى وتقليل التكلفة. اكتسبت طرق الكشف عن مرض عتمة العين المبنية على استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي اهتمامًا كبيرًا في المجتمع العلمي. ينتج هذا البحث طريقة فعالة وقوية للتشخيص التلقائي لإعتام عدسة العين باستخدام الشبكة العصبية التلافيفية (CNN) لاكتشاف وتصنيف الساد تلقائيًا في صور قاع العين. يستخدم محسن آدم ومجموعة بيانات (ODIR) لتدريب النموذج. تتفوق الطريقة المقترحة على أحدث أنظمة الكشف عن المياه البيضاء بمتوسط ​​دقة 100٪ لفئتين (عادي، إعتام عدسة العين)، 96.9٪ لأربع فئات (عادي، خفيف، معتدل، شديد) وفقًا للنتائج التجريبية. طرق العمل: باستخدام شبكة Convolution العصبية (CNN) لاكتشاف وتصنيف إعتام عدسة العين تلقائيًا في صور قاع العين.. الاستنتاجات:    حيث يقترح هذا البحث نظام التشخيص الآلي لإعتام عدسة العين باستخدام الشبكة العصبية العميقة (DCNN). تمت معالجة مجموعة بيانات الساد لصور قاع العين مسبقًا وتحسينها لجعل مجموعة البيانات أكثر ملاءمة لتغذية الشبكة العميقة في البداية. تعمل الشبكة المقترحة في طبقات مختلفة، ودوال التنشيط ، ودوال الخسارة، وخوارزميات التحسين من أجل تقليل تكاليف الحوسبة مع الحفاظ على دقة النموذج. استخدم النظام المقترح طرق تكبير متعددة للصور ، ثم طبق النظام على هذه الصور المعززة لتقليل مشكلة فرط التجهيز وتحسين كفاءة النظام المقترح ، حيث تم الحصول على أفضل دقة لتصنيف 96.9 بالمائة لصور قاع العين التي تمت زيادتها قاعدة بيانات ODIR ، ولكن بنسبة 94 في المائة فقط عند تطبيق النظام على صور قاع العين الأصلية. عند مقارنته بأعمال أخرى مماثلة، كان أداء هذا النظام رائعًا. نظرًا لأن هذا النهج كان فعالًا للغاية من حيث التكلفة وتوفير الوقت اللازم لطبيب العيون، فقد كان فعالاً من حيث الوقت، قادراً على اكتشاف إعتام عدسة العين بشكل أسرع ودقيق مع عدد أقل من المعاملات المستخدمة في الشبكة وطاقة كمبيوتر أقل. كذلك في صور قاع الشبكية، فإن الطريقة المقترحة قادرة على اكتشاف مراحل الساد. وتم الكشف عن مراحل إعتام عدسة العين (خفيفة، معتدلة، وشديدة) بواسطة نظام DCNNs المقترح.      Among the many diseases that affect the retina, a cataract. It is one of the most serious pharmacological public health issues in developing nations, it can develop without causing any symptoms. It is one of the prime reasons for blindness or blurred vision for senior citizens. Therefore, accurate and early detection of cataracts depending on the severity of the condition is required to preserve vision and prevent the global increase in blindness caused by cataracts. As with most of the diseases related to the eyes, treatments, and early diagnosis have been shown to prevent visual loss and blindness. Compared with the manual diagnostic methods, automated retinal analysis systems help save patients' time, vision and cost. Artificial intelligence-based cataract detection methods have gained a lot of attention in the scientific community. This research produces an efficient and robust method for the automatic diagnosis of cataract by using Convolution Neural Network (CNN) for detection and classification cataract grading automatically in fundus images. It used Adam optimizer and (ODIR) dataset to train the model. The suggested method beats state-of-the-art cataract detection systems with an average accuracy of 100 % for two classes (Normal, Cataract) ,96.9% for four classes (Normal, Mild, Moderate, Sever) according to experimental results.  Materials and Methods: Used Convolution Neural Network for detection and classification cataract grading automatically in fundus images.  Results: The suggested method beats state-of-the-art cataract detection systems with an average accuracy of 100 %  for two classes (Normal, Cataract) ,96.9% for four classes (Normal, Mild, Moderate, Sever) according to experimental results. Conclusion: The proposed network looked at different layers, activation functions, loss functions, and optimization algorithms in order to reduce computing costs while maintaining model accuracy. The proposed system used multi-image augmentation methods, then implemented the system on these augmented images to decrease the issue of overfitting and to improve the efficiency of the suggested system, as best accuracy obtained for classification 96.9 percent was get for fundus images which augmented of ODIR dataset, but only 94 percent when the system was applied to the original fundus images. When compared to other similar works, this system performed admirably. Because this approach was extremely cost- effective, accurate, and ophthalmologists, time-efficient were able to detect cataract more quickly and accuracy with fewer parameters and less computer power.  In retinal fundus images, the suggested approach is able to detect cataract phases. The detection of cataract stages (mild, moderate, and severe) will be done by the DCNNs system

Characteristics of patients with guillain barre syndrome at a tertiary care centre in Pakistan, 1995-2003

Objective: To study the clinical presentation, hospital course and outcome of patients admitted with Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: The charts of patients conforming to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code 9.0, for GBS, from September 1995 to January 2003 were reviewed. Clinical data was recorded on a standardized questionnaire, which included patients\u27 age, sex, antecedent events, neurological signs and symptoms and ventilation requirement. The hospital course was analyzed, including nosocomial infections, therapy given and the functional status of patients, using the Rankin scale (0-6). Standard SPSS 11.5 software (Windows) was used for data analysis. Results: Thirty-four cases of GBS were admitted to the hospital during the study period, with an age range of 3 to 70 years. The mean age for disease onset was 35.2 years for female patients, compared to 30 years for males; the male/female ratio was 1.6:1.Gastrointestinal infections (12/22, 54.6%) were the most common antecedent event, followed by upper respiratory tract infections (9/22, 40.9%) and skin lesions (1/22, 4.5%). Most patients developed GBS within one month of the preceding infection. Cranial nerve abnormalities (30/34, 88.2%), autonomic dysfunction (21/34, 61.8%) and respiratory failure requiring intubation (19/34, 55.9%) were also common. The median Rankin score of patients at admission, and at 30 and 60 days thereafter was 5, 4 and 3.5 respectively. The in-patient mortality was 1 of 34 (2.4%). Conclusion: We found that GBS occurred at all ages and was slightly more common in males. Majority of patients had an antecedent history of infection and had severe disease on presentation. The patients were treated with either plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulins and there was no significant difference in outcome in the two groups. Despite severe persistent disability, in-hospital mortality was low (JPMA 55:493;2005)

Data protection based neural cryptography and deoxyribonucleic acid

The need to a robust and effective methods for secure data transferring makes the more credible. Two disciplines for data encryption presented in this paper: machine learning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to achieve the above goal and following common goals: prevent unauthorized access and eavesdropper. They used as powerful tool in cryptography. This paper grounded first on a two modified Hebbian neural network (MHNN) as a machine learning tool for message encryption in an unsupervised method. These two modified Hebbian neural nets classified as a: learning neural net (LNN) for generating optimal key ciphering and ciphering neural net CNN) for coding the plaintext using the LNN keys. The second granulation using DNA nucleated to increase data confusion and compression. Exploiting the DNA computing operations to upgrade data transmission security over the open nets. The results approved that the method is effective in protect the transferring data in a secure manner in less tim

Survey of Features Extraction and Classification Techniques for Speaker Identification

تكسب تقنيات معالجة الكلام شيوعًا اكثر يومًا بعد يوم لتوفير قدر هائل من الأمان.كما يشيع استخدام الكلام لغرض التوثيق. التعرف على المتكلم هو الطريقة التي يمكن من خلالها فحص المتكلم والتعرف عليه. يختلف نظام التعرف على الكلام عن طريقة التعرف على المتكلم. يشيع استخدام التعرف على المتكلمين في القطاعات والمستشفيات والمختبرات وما إلى ذلك. فوائده أكثر أمانًا وأسهل في التنفيذ وأكثر سهولة في الاستخدام. تعد طريقة تحديد المتكلم واحدة من أكثر التقنيات شيوعًا في المنطقة حيث تعتبر السلامة أمرًا بالغ الأهمية. تقدم هذه المقالة نظرة عامة على الطرق المختلفة التي يمكن استخدامها للتعرف على المتكلمين مثل الترميز الخطي التنبؤي (LPC) ، معاملات الطيف التنبؤية الخطية (LPCC) ، التحويل الحقيقي الفريد المعين (UMRT) ، معاملات Cepstral الحقيقية (RCC) ، "تردد ميل Cepstrum" (MFCC).   بالإضافة إلى مجموعة من المصنفات المختلفة مثل "نموذج الخليط الغاوسي (GMM)"، "تزييف الوقت الديناميكي (DTW)" ، آلة المتجهات الداعمة (SVM) ، الشبكة العصبية (NN) ، "تكميم المتجهات" (VQ). الغرض الأساسي من شرح طرق التعرف على السماعات الشائعة. النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها هي أنه تم اختيار MFCC لكفاءة عالية ومنخفضة التعقيد. و GMM مفيد في تصنيف ذاكرة أقل ونتائج تخطيط واختبار أقل.Speech processing is more common day by day to provide enormous safety. The speech for the purpose of authentication is commonly used. Recognition of the speaker is the method that can check and recognize the speaker. The scheme of speech recognition is distinct from the scheme of speaker recognition. Recognition of speakers is commonly used in sectors, hospitals, laboratories, etc. Its benefits are safer, easier to implement, more user-friendly. Speaker identification method is one of the most commonly used techniques for the region where safety is very crucial. This article presents an overview of various methods that can be used to recognize speakers’ systems, the feature extraction techniques such as Linear Predictive Coding (LPC), Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC), Unique Mapped Real Transform (UMRT), Real Cepstral Coefficients (RCC), “Mel-frequency Cepstrum” (MFCC), in addition to  various classification techniques such as “Gaussian mixture model (GMM)”, “Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)”, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN), “Vector Quantization” (VQ). The primary purpose of is to explain the common speaker recognition methods. The obtained results are that, MFCC is chosen for high efficiency and low complexity. and GMM is helpful in classifying less memory and less planning and efficient test results

Frequency of irritable bowel syndrome in college students.

Background: This study was carried out to investigate the presence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in college students and compare its distribution in the non-medical college and medical college students. Methods: We collected data from 508 students by inviting them to fill out a questionnaire based on Rome II criteria for the diagnosis of IBS from November 2001 to February 2004. Two major cities Karachi and Bahawalpur were selected and it was coordinated by the section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital and Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur. Results: A total of 508 subjects with males 43 %(220/508) and female 57 % (288/508) mean age 22 ± 2.8 years responded to the questionnaire.The overall frequency of IBS among college students was 34 % (171/508).There were 41 % (107/263) non-medical college and 26 % (64/245) medical college students with IBS. Abdominal pain was present in 100 % (171/171) with altered frequency of stool in 58 % (100/171) (p\u3c 0.001,OR 12.5, CI 7.9-20.0) of students with IBS. The medical advice was sought by 38 % (65/171) in IBS group with 46 % (30/65) non-medical college school and 54 % (35/65) medical student (p=0.001, OR 1.9, CI 1.3-2.8). Conclusion IBS is common in younger adult population of Pakistan. Its prevalence is higher in non-medical college students but health care seeking behavior was more common in medical students

Irritable bowel syndrome and health seeking behaviour in different communities of Pakistan

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and health seeking behaviour in patients belonging to different ethnic groups and their squatter settlements in two cities of Pakistan. METHODS: Questionnaire based on Rome II criteria for the diagnosis of IBS was sent to 1167 persons living in, Karachi and Bahawalpur and their squatter settlements in Baloch Colony and Tibba Badar Sher respectively. About 90% (1048) completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall frequency of IBS was 14% with a mean age of 30 +/- 12.5 years and range of 16-85 years. Of the IBS positive patients, 56% (82/146) were males. IBS was significantly more common (p = 0.05) in males belonging to age group 16-30 years. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (100%), altered bowel habits (51%), and diarrhoea (54%). There was no difference in the prevalence of IBS in Karachi and Baloch Colony as compared to Bahawalpur and Tibba Badar Sher. IBS patients seeking health care advice were 17.6% as compared to 12.6 % non healthcare seekers. Of the healthcare seekers there were 29 (35.4%) males (p = 0.002). The overall mean age of health care seeking IBS patients was 32.8 +/-13.8 years (p \u3c 0.001). All IBS patients seeking healthcare advice had abdominal pain (p \u3c 0.001), while 61% had altered stool consistency (p \u3c 0.001) and 46% had stool frequency (p \u3c 0.001) as compared to IBS non healthcare seekers. CONCLUSION: IBS is seen in both urban and suburban communities. Health seeking behaviour is common in males and with abdominal pain

Irritable bowel syndrome in health care professionals in Pakistan

Objective: To evaluate the symptomatology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among health care professionals attending an IBS symposium in a tertiary care university hospital. Method: A questionnaire designed to incorporate Manning and Rome II criteria was distributed among participants of an IBS symposium, most of them were health care professionals. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed, 41 had symptoms fulfilling criteria of IBS. In these patients male: female ratio was 28:13 with age range 18-68. Results: The predominant symptom was abdominal pain 87.8 % (36/41) which was aggravated post-prandially 72.2% (29/41), relieved following defecation in 87 % (35/41) with a sense of incomplete evacuation 85.3% (35/41) and distention after defecation in 80.4 % (33/41). Anxiety and depression was present in 80% (33/41) as an extra intestinal symptom. Conclusion: Irritable bowel syndrome is common in health care workers with intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations being equally common (JPMA 53:405;2003

Interferon lambda-3 rs12979860 variants and response to pegylated interferon in chronic hepatitis-c genotype-3

Objective: To assess the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the interferon lambda-3 (IFNλ3) (formal IL-28B) gene rs12979860 in predicting sustained virologic response (SVR) in hepatitis-C virus genotype-3 (HCV-3). Study Design: Descriptive, analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July 2012 to June 2014. Methodology: Patients with HCV-3 were classified as sustained virologic response (SVR), relapsers and non-responders. SNP rs12979860 was determined by PCR-RFLP protocol. Differences between categorical variables were assessed by chi-square or Fisher\u27s exact test, while those between continuous variables were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Binary logistic regression analysis by forward conditional method was performed by using significant variables with p-values less than 0.05 as the criteria for model inclusion. Results: Out of 115 patients, rs12979860 genotype-CC, CT, TT was found in 37 (32.2%), 70 (60.9%), and 8 (7%) patients. 72 patients were male with median age of 45 years. Cirrhosis was present in 32 patients. Patients with response failures (no response and relapse, n=36 and 29, respectively) had higher baseline gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) level (p \u3c 0.001), higher alanine aminotransferase (p=0.027) and cirrhosis (p=0.001) than patients with SVR. Genotype-CC was present in 16/65 in response failures compared to 21/50 who achieved SVR (p=0.048). Rapid virologic response (RVR) (p \u3c 0.001), low GGT (p=0.001) and absence of cirrhosis (p=0.039) were the independent predictive factors for SVR. In patients who could not achieve RVR and in patients with cirrhosis, SVR was seen more in with genotype-CC (p=0.007 and 0.038). Conclusion: In patients infected with HCV-3, IFNλ3 rs12979860, SNP has less impact on SVR

The effect of providing skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care in preventing stillbirths

BACKGROUND: Of the global burden of 2.6 million stillbirths, around 1.2 million occur during labour i.e. are intrapartum deaths. In low-/middle-income countries, a significant proportion of women give birth at home, usually in the absence of a skilled birth attendant. This review discusses the impact of skilled birth attendance (SBA) and the provision of Emergency Obstetric Care (EOC) on stillbirths and perinatal mortality. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Database and the WHO regional libraries. Data of all eligible studies were extracted into a standardized Excel sheet containing variables such as participants' characteristics, sample size, location, setting, blinding, allocation concealment, intervention and control details and limitations. We undertook a meta-analysis of the impact of SBA on stillbirths. Given the paucity of data from randomized trials or robust quasi-experimental designs, we undertook an expert Delphi consultation to determine impact estimates of provision of Basic and Comprehensive EOC on reducing stillbirths if there would be universal coverage (99%). RESULTS: The literature search yielded 871 hits. A total of 21 studies were selected for data abstraction. Our meta-analysis on community-based skilled birth attendance based on two before-after studies showed a 23% significant reduction in stillbirths (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69 - 0.85). The overall quality grade of available evidence for this intervention on stillbirths was 'moderate'. The Delphi process supported the estimated reduction in stillbirths by skilled attendance and experts further suggested that the provision of Basic EOC had the potential to avert intrapartum stillbirths by 45% and with provision of Comprehensive EOC this could be reduced by 75%. These estimates are conservative, consistent with historical trends in maternal and perinatal mortality from both developed and developing countries, and are recommended for inclusion in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) model. CONCLUSIONS: Both Skilled Birth Attendance and Emergency/or Essential Obstetric Care have the potential to reduce the number of stillbirths seen globally. Further evidence is needed to be able to calculate an effect size