Mamitis clínica en el vacuno lechero español: incidencia y costes

Clinical mastitis in Spanish dairy herds has been studied. Since April 2005 up to December 2006, in 25 Spanish herds 1,054 cases registered were available. Aims were to determine mastitis incidence and factors of risk, to analyze whether yield production has been affected, and to quantify mastitis costs along 2006. The 25% lactations were infected at least once with average recurrence of 1.64. Descriptive analysis showed that 29% of cases occurred within the first month after calving. Primiparous showed higher mastitis frequency at early and late lactation while in multiparous cases number was progressively decreasing since the first month. Multiparous were statistically more liable to mastitis than primiparous. Mastitis did not show effect on yield production. Mastitis costs included treatment products and discarded milk. Individual daily production at each case onset was estimated by using monthly official milking records. An average mastitis case cost was 73.93 Euros, cheaper in primiparous than in multiparous because of lower milk production. Average discarded milk represented 74% of total cost per case. Mastitis costs were 117 Euros per infected cow and lactation. Then, annual economic losses due to mastitis were 3,190 Euros per average herd, showing the concern of producers on selecting resistant animals as well as the importance of the implementation of systematic recording for clinical mastitis in Spanish dairy farms.Se ha estudiado la mamitis clínica en 25 explotaciones utilizando 1.054 casos registrados desde abril de 2005 a diciembre de 2006. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron determinar la incidencia, analizar si la producción se vio afectada y calcular los costes generados en el año 2006. El 25% de las lactaciones presentaron algún episodio de mamitis, siendo la recurrencia media de 1,64. El 29% de los primeros casos se diagnosticaron en el primer mes tras el parto. Las primíparas fueron más susceptibles al principio y al final de la lactación, mientras que las multíparas presentaron menos casos según avanzaba la lactación. Sólo resultaron estadísticamente significativos el rebaño y el número de lactación, siendo las vacas con más de un parto más propensas a la mamitis. La producción de leche no se vio afectada. Los costes de mamitis incluyeron los correspondientes a medicamentos y a la leche retirada no comercializada. La producción individual diaria en el momento de la infección fue estimada utilizando el control lechero mensual oficial. El coste medio de mamitis fue de 73,93 Euros, siendo más caro en las multíparas debido a una mayor producción. El coste medio por media de leche retirada representó el 74% del coste por caso. El coste por vaca infectada fue de 117 Euros por lactación, lo que supone unas pérdidas económicas anuales por rebaño medio de 3.190 Euros, justificando la preocupación de los productores por seleccionar animales resistentes y la necesidad de sistematizar la recogida de mamitis clínicas en las explotaciones lechera españolas

Integration of Parking Lot Capacity in Retail Energy and Reserve Market Mechanism

The fast-paced proliferation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), including the aggregated capacity of electric vehicles and renewable generation sources on the day-ahead market clearance mechanism, has deteriorated the complexity of grid operation, especially at the distribution level. This study delves into a novel framework to perceive the insight into the interactions between the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and the Parking Lots (PLs), aiming to determine the power flow effectively and to estimate the charging and discharging profiles. Hence, a bi-level optimization model associated with the operational condition of DSO and parking lots aiming to minimize the costs subject to the prevailing technical and economic constraints is proposed. The suggested bi-level model seeks the equilibrium point regarding the mathematical constraints and optimality conditions by employing the Salp meta-heuristic algorithm. The results imply that the correlation between parking lots and DSO goals is the decisive factor in optimal scheduling and equilibrium point

Different Demand for Charging Infrastructure along a Stretch of Highway: Italian Case Study

Electric Vehicles (EVs) play an important role to reach the global ambitious climate and air quality goals. The timely implementation of adequate EV charging infrastructure is critical to the success of the ecological revolution. However, at the same time, EV adoption is the main driver for the business case of EV charging infrastructure. In order to implement an optimal charging infrastructure, it is important to consider all the relevant factors which influence the charging demand of EVs. This paper aims to evaluate the charging infrastructure on highways by considering several factors that impact electric vehicle deployment. To do this, a simulation model is developed. An agent-based approach, according the AnyLogic software tool, is used to emulate the human behavior and its impact on load demand due to EV charging. Furthermore, a discrete event method is applied for simulating the queue in the charging stations. Therefore, an electric vehicle routing algorithm is developed, which analyses the current status of the charging infrastructure along the highway considering an EV traffic flow travels in the highway in one day

Water Transport Decarbonization: Preliminary Case Study in Venice

In order to improve the current existing water public transport service, this paper aims to electrification of water taxis in Venice, a widely used means of transportation in the lagoon city by tourists. In particular, the section that connects San Marco square to Marco Polo airport, which is the one with the longest distance, is analyzed. Following a brief introduction to landscape water transport and its infrastructure in the city of Venice, this paper presents the modeling of the electric water taxi taking into account the needs and peculiarities of the boat and of the city itself. Subsequently, an agent-based approach using the AnyLogic software tool simulates the round trip, calculating energy consumption and analyzing the state of charge profile

A Comprehensive Study on Electrification of Old Bus Fleets: a Real Case Study in Ottawa

The world of transportation is going through a period of significant change due to all the new environmental sustainability regulations being introduced globally. Therefore, this work aims to understand whether to replace the existing diesel buses with electric ones along a line in Ottawa. First, a model is built in order to evaluate the consumption, using strict assumptions in order to simulate as much as possible the conditions in Ontario. The electric bus that can be used to run a specific route is evaluated, considering the characteristics of the current fleet employed. The charging infrastructure is designed following the following assumptions, in particular: the fast charging of the depot is coupled with the fast charging of pantograph opportunities located at the airport stop. A Well-to-Wheel analysis, considering Ontario's energy mix, is performed to highlight the reduction in GreenHouse Gas - GHG emissions due to the use of electric buses. Finally, a brief cost analysis is developed to highlight the payback time of the investment

Performance Assessment of Heat Pump and Solar Thermal Heating with Seasonal Storage Systems for Smart Microgrid Research Center Building at IAUN

In this research, the building of the Intelligent Microgrid Research Center in Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch (IAUN), has been selected as a sample space. The energy required to heat the building is transferred to the seasonal storage tank in the basement by flat solar collectors with an installation angle of 47.5°. This heat is transferred to the internal space via a geothermal heat pump in the winter. The thermodynamic study of the proposed system is simulated by MATLAB software. The system losses have also been evaluated, and thereby an optimal solar heating system procures all heat demand of the building. The required collector surface is 240 square meters, the tank volume is 2200 cubic meters, and the insulation thickness is 1.2 meters

Implementation and Validation Modelling of Energy Demand of Electric Buses for Local Public Transport

In recent years, a focused attention towards the conversion of conventional fleets in local public transport to fully electric fleets have gained momentum, instilled by awareness about the environment and significant trend of urbanization. Public transport operators in major cities all over the world have engaged themselves in fulfilling this change. An efficient electrification process is still a challenge for most operators. This paper aims to propose an energy demand model for an electric bus vehicle to monitor and verify the energy consumption. The real drive cycles of actual electric buses are used to simulate the energy demand characteristics and the battery state of charge of the vehicle. Real-time collected local data are used as input for the simulation model and discharge energy, regenerated energy and battery state of charge are computed. The simulated results are then validated with the real data available. The results are then used to consider an improvement for charging infrastructure

Literature Review on Wireless Charging Technologies: Future Trend for Electric Vehicle?

Transportation is considered as the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, many European countries and the World Health organization (WHO) have passed laws to reduce road vehicles emissions, which are responsible for 60.7% of European road transport air pollution. The electrification of vehicles required various charging infrastructure options. One of the state-of-the-art technologies is dynamic wireless charging systems (to deliver energy to the EV in motion). Thus, this paper summarizes distinct static and dynamic wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles. Analyzing different wireless power transfers and their limitations shows that the static wireless charging stations in house garages or open parking lots and dynamic charging infrastructures in smart roads or highway-charging lanes will be promising solutions in the near future to make electric vehicle charging easier or without making stops for recharging