Kajian keberkesanan olahan larut lesapan menggunakan elektrod aluminum dan ferum dalam sistem elektro-penggumpalan

Elektro-pengumpalan merupakan satu kaedah alternatif yang kompetatif selain daripada kaedah konvesional bagi merawat air sisa terutamanya larut lesapan yang mempunyai struktur bahan pencemar yang kompleks dan tinggi. Kajian keberkesanan elekto-penggumpalan telahpun dijalankan bagi menentukan keberkesanan sistem ini beroperasi. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah bagi mengkaji keberkesanan dan potensi sistem beroperasi dengan menggunakan empat jenis susunan elektrod, Fe-Fe, Al-Al, Fe dan aluminum sulfat di samping penentuan nilai optimum ketumpatan arus elektrik, jarak antara elektrod, masa tindakbalas, pH, masa enapan dan aluminum sulfat. Penggunaan CILAS Analyzer digunakan bagi menentukan saiz flok di setiap penentuan optimum yang diperolehi. Sebanyak 750 liter sampel larut lesapan diambil pada awal bulan Disember 2010 - Januari 2011. Pengujian awalan BOD, COD, pepejal terampai, nitrogen ammonia, warna dan kekeruhan turut diuji terhadap sampel mentah yang diperolehi. Reaktor kaca bersaiz 300mm x 80mm x 200mm (4 L sampel) dengan luas berkesan elektrod penggumpal, 60 sm + - + - -Al , Al -Fe 2 digunakan di samping ujian penyingkiran parameter seperti COD, pepejal terampai, nitrogen ammonia warna dan kekeruhan turut diuji di dalam kajian ini. Hasil keseluruhan kajian mendapati bahawa penggunaan elektrod Al-Al memberikan peratus penyingkiran tertinggi di mana penentuan optimum yang diperolehi bagi ketumpatan arus elektrik adalah 0.025 amp/sm , jarak antara elektrod, 10 cm, masa tindakbalas, 60 minit, pH 5 dan masa enapan, 30 minit. Peratus penyingkiran yang diperolehi bagi COD, pepejal terampai, nitrogen ammonia, warna dan kekeruhan adalah 82.5%, 94.7%, 65.6%, 91% and 90.6%. Percampuran aluminum sulfat terhadap penggunaan elektrod Al-Al memberikan dos optimum sebanyak 1500 mg/l di mana penyingkiran tertinggi yang diperolehi bagi COD, pepejal terampai, nitrogen ammonia, warna dan kekeruhan adalah 84.2%, 81%, 80.3%, 75% and 81.1%. Kesimpulanya, penggunaan elektrod Al-Al dicadangkan, di mana sedikit pra olahan perlu dilakukan bagi menepati piawaian yang dibenarkan oleh Standard Malaysia bagi tahap lepasan larut lesapan. Katakunci: air sisa domestik; Elektro-pengumpalan; larut lesapa

Development and characterization of treated kaolin filled polypropylene/kaolin nanocomposites

This research work focused on producing modified kaolin filler in polypropylene/kaolin (PP/K) nanocomposite by melt compounding process in order to improve its mechanical and thermal properties for industrial applications. The surface treatments of micron sized Malaysian kaolin were conducted to produce nano sized kaolin by acidification of kaolin fillers with sulphuric acid and planetary milling using urea (mechanochemical milling). Testing on both surface treated kaolin were carried out with the aid of Field Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Particle Size Analyser and results of both treated kaolin were compared. However, the surface treated kaolin using acidification was unsuccessful as shown by XRD, FTIR and BET results. A successful delamination of micron sized into nano sized kaolin was achieved by mechanochemical milling. The additional bands at 3624, 3445 and 3388 cm-1 and illite phase at lower 2θ by FTIR and XRD studies respectively, indicated delamination of kaolin. Surface area increased by 400% from BET results. The PP/K nanocomposite was produced by incorporating low weight (1-7%) percentages of organically modified nanokaolin into PP by melt compounding with polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) as coupling agent. The FTIR and XRD analyses on chemical structure showed successful synthesis of PP/K nanocomposites by the vanishing of characteristic of OH bands and peaks of kaolin respectively. The tensile and impact strength, tan δ, loss modulus and melt flow index of PP/K nanocomposite decreases by 17, 27, 36, 32 and 78% respectively. Conversely, the results show that incorporation of nanokaolin clay into PP causes increase in thermal degradation (200%), crystalinity (17%), nucleation effect (17%), storage modulus (10%), surface roughness (87%), and optical (262%). Whereas, TEM of PP/K nanocomposite exhibit nanokaolin dispersion with nanoscale sizes. Therefore, the PP/K nanocomposites formulated shall be a potential candidate for manufacturing novel new materials of attraction in many sectors

Cultivating Critical Thinking Skill In Teaching And Learning And Learning Process

The purpose of this article is to spearhead two objectives namely, to fulfill my assignment and to help our future leaders that are our beloved student to analyze multilogical problem of contemporary in teaching and learning process . Those problem that can be viewed holistically from the top or bird eyes perspective thus manages them using correct tool and try solve from many different angles. Joanne Kurfiss simply define critical as “ An investigation whose reason is to explore problem to arrive at the hypothesis that integrate all available information convincingly justified. It is a self regulatory which result in interpretation, analysis, evaluation and inference as well as explanation of evidence, conceptual, methodological or conceptual consideration upon which the judgment is base

The using of model context. input, process and products (CIPP) in learning programs assessment

Assessment is one process to determine problem, choose relevant information, and collect and analyze information to report useful summary to decision maker. Evaluation model discussed in this topic was CIPP Stufflebeam’s model. CIPP assessment's model selected because his effectiveness to get revenue formative and summative and to find decision and problem-solving ability. CIPP assessment's model may be made assessment whether before, during or after the project conducted. This very different with Stake's approach assume that researcher may make level current study implementation or during the programme running. CIPP assessment's model also be formed to satisfy programme mastermind and administration not just filling individual ' wish. Lastly CIPP is not designed to prove a decision but act as to improve where information derivative later can be made as a guide to planning something programme

Appropriate small scale mechanization

Poster prepared for a share fair, Addis Ababa, May 201

Self Concepts and Motivation To Learn Among Students

Abtract: In Malaysia, more than half of the population are adolescent and most of them are students who are still studiying either in schools or in higher institutions of learning. We should be proud that eventhough there is no punishment to enforce education , 99 percent of the schooloing age children are getting their education. Wether they are willing to learn or reach level depend on many factors. For now, most of the students learn just to pass their exam and not learning continuosly through life as we hope for. Is it because the students are not motivated to learn because of their negative self concept ? or is it the teachers and parents who cause the students not to be motivated and encouraged to learn and excelled , what more to compete in education? The answer lies in all the significant people who should play their role in developing positive self concept to motivate students to learn

Aspects of social identity, self concept, self esteem, self functioning and gender aspects (part 4)

Formation of self concept begins in childhood and it continues throughout an individual’s life. Like Eric Erikson says in his „Eight stages of development‟, an individual goes through eight stages in his life

Comparative study between Malaysian and Nigerian formal low cost housing policy issues

The current housing policies of Malaysia and Nigeria do not highlight on the af- fordability of formal low cost houses (FLCH). Low income earners do not have sufficient income to buy food and meet basic necessities like clothing, rent, fuel, utilities, transport, communications, medical expenses, education, and on a broader sense, housing. The objectives of this study were (i) to investigate FLCH afforda- bility elements in the current housing policies of Malaysia and Nigeria; (ii) to com- pare the FLCH affordability elements in Malaysia and Nigeria; (iii) to study the re- lationship among the FLCH affordability elements in Malaysia and Nigeria; and (iv) to accomplish a sustainable FLCH affordability policy for the LIGs. The meth- odologies employed include descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and the t-test. The study found that there are no laws, rules or guidelines regulating the affairs of FLCH. The design does not reflect user need; it did not conform to their culture, family background and size. No provisions for public participation are provided in the policy documents. FLCH are located in the same neighbourhood with medium and high cost houses in Batu Pahat Malaysia and enjoy all facilities, utilities and services there. The situation is not the same in Bauchi town, where FLCH are lo- cated separately at the peripheries outside of the town trekking distances which re- pel beneficiaries because of the awkward location. Residents in Batu Pahat have higher earnings, less number of dependants than those at Bauchi who have higher number of dependants and lower income level. This study recommends that design, location, participation, highlight on affordability and family issues have prominent impact on affordability and hence be incorporated in policy documents. It can therefore be resolve that FLCH in Batu Pahat, are affordable while those in Bauchi are not affordable. Conclusively, these affordability elements should be upheld to ensure sustainable FLCH affordability policy for the low income groups. The physical and socio-economic elements are the catalyst in the housing provision as- pect. These elements can bridge the wide fissure being the basic features, essentials and the fundamentals of a good policy

Stress level and its influencing factors among employees in a plastic manufacturing and the implication towards work performance

Stress has been viewed as an inevitable consequence of work life. A worker will fell stress when his or her does not match their job requirements. Work stress come from a variety of sources and it can affect people in different ways. In the report The Scale of Occupational Stress (Smith et al., 2000 in Jeremy, 2005) it was estimated that there were 5 million workers suffering the high level of stress at work. The study shows the important outcomes that approximately one in five workers reported stress arising from work. There were cause by excessive workloads or lack of managerial support, ill health and back pain, together with certain health related activities such as smoking and alcohol intake

The relationship between dating, love and social anxiety problems among the secondary school students

The aim of this study is to identify the emergence of dating phenomenon, love affair and their relationship with social anxiety amongst the students in secondary schools. Two hundred and forty students were chosen from eight different schools in Johor Bahru district for this study. The cluster on cluster sampling technique was applied and questionnaires on dating, love affair, sex and social anxiety for adolescents were used in this study. The alpha croncbach for both items are 0.7207 and 0.9690 accordingly. The results from the study have shown that the students perceptions towards love affair and social anxiety problem are at moderate levels while the most dominant love style among the students is ‘pragmatic love style’. There are significant differences between students who involve in dating in relation to races and standard of living, sex in relation to gender and love affair in relation to races. On the other hand, there are no significant differences among the other factors being studied such as sex and social anxiety in relation to races and in between love affair, dating, sex and social anxiety in relation to the location of their hometown