Design and evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres of repaglinide for oral controlled release

Gastro retentive dosage forms have potential for use as controlled-release drug delivery systems. Multiple unit systems avoid the “all-or-none gastric” emptying nature of single-unit systems. A controlled release system designed to increase its residence time in the stomach with contact with the mucosa was achieved through the preparation of mucoadhesive microspheres by the emulsion solvent evaporation technique consisting of (I) chitosan mucoadhesive (ii) repaglinide, an oral hypoglycemic agent; and (iii) Eudragit RS-100 as polymer. The microspheres were evaluated for surface morphology and particle shape by scanning electron microscope. The microspheres were also evaluated for their microencapsulation efficiency, in vitro wash-off mucoadhesion test, in vitro drug release and in vivo study. The microspheres were found to be spherical and free flowing. The microencapsulation efficiency was in the range of 61.44±1.16 to 79.90±1.17and microspheres exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro wash off test. The drug-polymer concentration of dispersed phase influences the particle size and drug release properties. All the formulations were followed by Matrix-Peppas model. The drug release was also found to be slow and extended for 24 h. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microspheres in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of repaglinide. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microspheres was for more than 16 whereas repaglinide produced an antidiabetic effect for only 10 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microspheres are a valuable system for the long term delivery of repaglinide.Keywords: Controlled Release, Repaglinide, Solvent Evaporation, Microspheres, Mucoadhesive

Closed Form Expressions for Delay to Ramp Inputs for On-Chip VLSI RC Interconnect

In high speed digital integrated circuits, interconnects delay can be significant and should be included for accurate analysis. Delay analysis for interconnect has been done widely by using moments of the impulse response, from the explicit Elmore delay (the first moment of the impulse response) expression, to moment matching methods which creates reduced order trans impedance and transfer function approximations. However, the Elmore delay is fast becoming ineffective for deep submicron technologies, and reduced order transfer function delays are impractical for use as early-phase design metrics or as design optimization cost functions. This paper describes an approach for fitting moments of the impulse response to probability density functions so that delay can be estimated accurately at an early physical design stage. For RC trees it is demonstrated that the inverse gamma function provides a provably stable approximation. We used the PERI [13] (Probability distribution function Extension for Ramp Inputs) technique that extends delay metrics for ramp inputs to the more general and realistic non-step inputs. The accuracy of our model is justified with the results compared with that of SPICE simulations. Keywords¾ Moment Matching, On-Chip Interconnect, Probability Distribution function, Cumulative Distribution function, Delay calculation, Slew Calculation, Beta Distribution, VLSI

Fabrication and Evaluation of Basil Essential Oil-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes in Chitosan Nanocomposite Film and Its Application in Food Packaging

Increasing health concerns regarding the use of plasticware have led to the development of ecofriendly biodegradable packaging film from natural polymer and food additives. In the present study, basil essential oil (BEO) loaded halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) composite films were synthesized using a solution casting method. The effects of BEO and nanotube concentration on the mechanical, physical, structural, barrier, and antioxidant properties of films were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) demonstrated well-dispersed HNTs and BEO in tailored composite films. The addition of BEO in Chitosan (Ch) film caused darkening of the film color; furthermore, the incorporation of HNTs in varied concentrations increased opaqueness in Ch/BEO film. The Ch/BEO film, upon adding HNTs 5–30 wt%, exhibited a corresponding increase in the film thickness (0.108–0.135 mm) when compared with the Ch/BEO film alone (0.081 mm). The BEO-loaded HNTs composite films displayed reduced moisture content and characteristic barrier and UV properties. The Ch/BEO film with 15 wt% HNTs was found to have enhanced antioxidant activity. The Ch/BEO/HNTs composite also managed to prevent broccoli florets from losing weight and firmness during storage. The enhanced barrier and antioxidant qualities of the nanocomposite film suggest its potential application in the food processing and packaging sector. This is the first ever report on the fabrication of nanocomposite film using BEO and HNTs for food packaging. The low production cost and ecofriendly approach make the film acceptable for further research and commercialization thereafter

Monoorganobismuth(III) thiocarboxylates: Synthesis, characterization and crystal structures of [PhBi(SOCR)₂] (R = Ph or Me)

34-38The reactions of methylbismuth dichloride in the presence of triethylamine and triphenylbismuth with thiocarboxylic acids, RC(O)SH (R = Ph or Me) in 1:2 ratio in benzene affords monoorganobismuth thiocarboxylates, [R’Bi(SOCR)2] [R’ = Me, Ph; R = Ph or Me]. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses and NMR (1H, 13C{1H}) spectroscopy. Molecular structures of [PhBi(SOCR)2] [R = Ph or Me] have been established by single crystal X-ray analyses. The complexes are associated in the solid state acquiring either pentagonal bipyramidal (when R = Me) or distorted octahedral (when R = Ph) configuration around bismuth atom

Cyber security and 5G-assisted industrial internet of things using novel artificial adaption based evolutionary algorithm

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) evolved quickly at the start of the twenty-first century. Various services, such as quality of service (QoS) for smart cyber security management from the industrial domain, are complicated for us. It is challenging to select the optimal malicious nodes by taking into account QoS criteria, including information communication, and network coverage regions. Numerous constrained evolutionary optimization strategies are known to address these problems. This study proposes a broader definition of differential evolution (DE) that uses a quick adaptation strategy and an optimization-based design. It combines DE with a unique mutation approach to broaden the range of viable answers. This research also suggests a novel fitness function for energy harvesting in IoT-based applications. Both on the IIoT-service architecture and in IIoT-based applications, the suggested method is assessed. The outcomes are then contrasted using state-of-the-art algorithms. It is discovered that the proposed approach produces better results in terms of cyber security of QoS, fitness cost, and detection of IIoT nodes from the IIoT service network