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Not AvailableA field trial was conducted at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bangalore during 2007-2011 to study the effect of different doses and time of application of paclobutrazol on flowering, fruiting behavior and quality of 22 years old mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv Totapuri under South Indian Condition. There were nine treatments involving two doses of paclobutrazol 2.5 g and 5.0 g ai/plant with four times of application (last week of July, August, September and October) along with control. All the paclobutrazol applied treatments induced early flowering to an extent by 20-25 days with increased percentage of flowering of 30-65% compared to control. The harvest maturity was also influenced by paclobutrazol application with an advancement of 3-4 weeks compared to control. The fruit yield was also affected and most pronounced effect was with T 5-treatment (2.5 g ai applied during last week of September)Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePaclobutrazol application restricts vegetative growth while improving flowering and fruiting in mango. In the present study, effect of soil drenching with Paclobutrazol @ 3.0ml m-1 canopy diameter, applied during the 3rd week of August, on fruit quality attributes was investigated in cv. Totapuri. Parameters like fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), % acidity, and content of ascorbic acid, carotenoids, lycopene and individual sugars was estimated. Paclobutrazol application increased average fruit weight, TSS and content of ascorbic acid and total carotenoids, and reduced the acidity in fruits compared to fruits in untreated trees. Lycopene content was only marginally influenced by paclobutrazol. In fruits of paclobutrazol treated trees, increase of 23.4% in total sugars, 29.6% in reducing sugars, 77.4% in glucose and 27.8% in sucrose content was recorded over fruits from the untreated trees. Results indicated that, paclobutrazol application improved quality in mango fruit.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePruning and paclobutrazol have been found effective for induction of early flowering in mango by temporary suppression in vegetative growth through its effects on hormones. The objective of the study was to examine the combined effect of pruning and paclobutrazol on tree vigor and hormonal changes in mango cv Dashehari. Trees pruned to 50% current season growth with application of paclobutrazol (T1) recorded less plant height, trunk girth, canopy spread, shoot length and shoot girth and advanced the flowering time which resulted in early harvest by 16 days followed by unpruned trees with application of paclobutrazol (T5) compared to control trees (T6). Unpruned trees with PBZ application (T5) recorded 56.86% higher yields followed by 44.3% higher yields in trees pruned to 50% current season's growth (T1). Trees pruned to 50% previous season's growth (T4) recorded 92.2% lesser yields compared to control trees (T6). PBZ application declined the gibberellin and IAA contents and increased the abscissic acid levels in trees pruned to 50% current season growth followed by unpruned trees. Results from this study implicated that pruning of trees to 50% current season's growth with application of PBZ is vital for regulating tree size, early flowering and advancing fruit harvest with higher yield in mango cv Dashehari and such beneficial effects of treatments mediated through hormonal contents.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pruning (current or previous season’s vegetative growth) and paclobutrazol (PBZ@ 3 ml/m canopy diameter) on tree vigour, flowering and hormonal contents of three mango varieties, Raspuri, Dashehari and Amrapali differing in their bearing habits. Trees pruned to current season’s growth and with application of PBZ recorded 62, 52 and 61.5% lesser plant height, 50.2, 27.3 and 35.3% lesser trunk girth and 51.5, 45.8, 35.3% lesser canopy spread, 39.6, 35.2 and 26.5% decline in shoot length, 23.7, 19.0 and 14.9% decline in shoot girth and 20.4, 13 and 14.7 days advanced fruit harvesting followed by unpruned trees with PBZ application in the cvs Raspuri, Dashehari and Amrapali respectively compared with control. Trees pruned to current season’s growth and with PBZ application recorded decline in gibberellin (GA3) contents and increase in abscisic acid (ABA) levels at 45 and 75 days after PBZ application compared to control. From the study, it was apparent that the pruning of trees to current season’s growth and PBZ application are beneficial for regulating tree size, early flowering and advancing fruit harvest in mango and such effects are mediated through increase in ABA and decrease in GA3 contents.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePaclobutrazol has been found predominantly effective in the induction of early flowering and thus finding scope for off-season production in mango. The precise physiological mechanism regulating early floral induction is meagerly understood. The objective of the study was to examine the hormonal relationships associated with floral induction in mango following paclobutrazol treatment. The paclobutrazol applied as soil drench, @ 3.0 ml/m canopy diameter during the 3rd week of August advanced fruit harvest period by 22 days as compared to untreated trees by promoting early flowering. The C:N ratio in shoots, leaf water potential (ψw) and ABA content in the paclobutrazol untreated and treated trees increased progressively as shoots approached bud break stage. There was increase in C:N ratio and leaf ψw, by the paclobutrazol with drastic increase at the bud break. C:N ratio in shoot was positively related to ABA content in buds. Cytokinins – zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) in buds increased consistently from 30 days before bud break till floral bud initiation. In paclobutrazol treated trees, increase in ZR and DHZR contents in buds were positively related to leaf ψw. GA4, GA3, GA7 and GA1 were the prominent GAs in the leaves and buds. In buds, these gibberellins followed trends opposite to that of cytokinins. The paclobutrazol treatment declined GA4, GA3, GA7 and GA1 contents both in leaves and buds; with buds being more receptive to paclobutrazol treatment. These results implicated that paclobutrazol besides affecting gibberellins also increases ABA and cytokinin contents concomitant with C:N ratio and leaf ψw in mango buds to elicit flowering responses.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePhenological studies are important for understanding the infl uence of weather dynamics on vegetative growth, fl owering and fruiting on mango. BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie) scale was used for data recording and to assess utility of the scale in mango phenological studies. Phenological stages of the mango were recorded at weekly intervals on 60 shoots of cultivar Totapuri at fi ve diverse locations for testing usefulness of scale under different diverse ecologies and data from one location, i.e., Lucknow (26o 54´ N and 80o 48´ E ) was used for analysis. Existing BBCH scale was modifi ed on the basis of data recorded for mango in which seven out of 10 principal stages were used, starting with bud development (stage 0) and ending with maturity of fruit (stage 8). Three digit scale was used for inclusion of the mesostages between the principal and secondary growth stages. Highly recurring fl owering phenophases were 511 (18 %), 513 (20 %) recorded in standard week 9 and 517 (45 %) in standard week 11 (March). Other important phenophases, 619 (38 %) and 709 (10 %) occured during standard weeks 13 and 22 to 23, respectively. A high degree of variation in shoots representing principal growth stages viz., vegetative bud, leaf and shoot development was observed due to simultaneous transition of the stages during standard week 33 to 42 and 4 to 24. Limitations of existing BBCH scale and comprehended modifi cations have been proposed and discussed. The study revealed that the extended BBCH–scale for mango can be widely used because of its utility in describing all phenophases pertaining to bud, shoot, leaf, panicle and fruit development and indicated the incisive growth pattern of the shoots and seasonal variation. This is the fi rst report on quantitative analysis of mango phenological data using BBCH scale.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study, aimed at advancing Alphonso mango harvest season through manipulation in time of soil application of paclobutrazol (PBZ)[soil application on 15th of May, June, July, and August]; foliar spray of KNO3 (3%)[August and September], was conducted during 2010 to 2012 cropping seasons in red lateritic rocky soil of Konkan (Maharashtra, India). Results of individual years and mean for three years revealed that significant earliness in flowering (85.4 day) and advancement in harvesting (82 day) was achieved with the application of PBZ on 15th May. PBZ application on 15th June was relatively less effective in inducing early flowering (56 day) and harvesting (69 days). However, the greater extent of flowering (72.23%) and fruit yield per tree (40.72 kg/tree) were recorded with PBZ applied at recommended time ie, on 15th August. Individual fruit weight was higher in KNO3 sprayed tree in the months of August (268g) and September (265.5 g), whereas fruit TSS was higher (19.37 oBrix.) in trees receiving PBZ on 15th August. The findings of study indicated huge potential for realizing about 5-6 times higher returns from Alphonso produced in February-March months as compared to May harvest.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableUniformly collated phenological data set is the most important requirement for developing climate change impact models for mango. Consistently collected phenological records directly indicate the effect of change in climatic parameters by depicting shifts in phenological events. Recording of consistent data pertaining to phenophases as a function of time serves as critical input for working out integrated interaction of interannual variability, spatial differences and climate variability impacts. In general, uniform qualitative data recording is difficult in mango due to variations in plant growth and development under diverse climatic fluxes occurring in subtropical to tropical regions. Major observed effects of climate change on mango include early or delayed flowering, multiple reproductive flushes, variations in fruit maturity, abnormal fruit set and transformation of reproductive buds into vegetative ones. These critical phenophase-dependent events require supporting quantitative data representing behaviour of sufficient number of shoots within a tree for objective analysis of factors influencing them. For monitoring the phenophase dynamics, use of extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale developed for mango helps in monitoring the phenology by employing uniform methodology over same or different locations with the description of each phenophase in mango as distinctly classified by adopting numerical code. A manual to elucidate the methodology for general users has been developed with the help of pictorial representation of phenophases along with corresponding scores, analysis, depiction of results and interpretation for uniform data recording, and this can be downloaded fromNot Availabl

An overview of preharvest factors influencing mango fruit growth, quality and postharvest behaviour

International audienceMango, a tropical fruit of great economic importance, is generally harvested green and then commercialised after a period of storage. Unfortunately, the final quality of mango batches is highly heterogeneous, in fruit size as well as in gustatory quality and postharvest behaviour. A large amount of knowledge has been gathered on the effects of the maturity stage at harvest and postharvest conditions on the final quality of mango. Considerably less attention has been paid to the influence of environmental factors on mango growth, quality traits, and postharvest behaviour. In this paper, we provide a review of studies on mango showing how environmental factors influence the accumulation of water, structural and non-structural dry matter in the fruit during its development. These changes are discussed with respect to the evolution of quality attributes on the tree and after harvest. The preharvest factors presented here are light, temperature, carbon and water availabilities, which can be controlled by various cultural practices such as tree pruning, fruit thinning and irrigation management. We also discuss recent advances in modelling mango function on the tree according to environmental conditions that, combined with experimental studies, can improve our understanding of how these preharvest conditions affect mango growth and quality. (Résumé d'auteur)Manga, um fruto tropical de grande importância, é geralmente colhido verde e comercializado após um período de armazenamento. Infelizmente, a qualidade final da manga na prateleira é altamente heterogênea, em termos de tamanho do fruto, qualidade do paladar e comportamento pós-colheita. Tem-se obtido uma quantidade expressiva de informações sobre os efeitos do estádio de maturação e condições pós-colheita sobre a qualidade final da manga. Contudo, tem-se dado atenção consideravelmente menor à influência dos fatores ambientes sobre o crescimento da manga, características de qualidade e comportamento pós-colheita. Neste artigo, faz-se uma revisão dos estudos sobre manga, evidenciando-se como fatores ambientes afetam o acúmulo de água e de matéria seca estrutural e não-estrutural nos frutos durante o seu desenvolvimento. Discutem-se essas alterações com relação à evolução de atributos de qualidade dos frutos ainda nas plantas e após a colheita. Os fatores de pré-colheita abordados são luz, temperatura, disponibilidades de água e de carbono, raleio de frutos e manejo da irrigação. Discutem-se também recentes avanços sobre modelagem associada à função do fruto na planta, conforme as condições ambientes que, combinados com estudos experimentais, pode melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre como as condições de pré-colheita afetam o crescimento e a qualidade da manga