Factors Influencing Psychiatric Nurses’ Job Satisfaction Levels: Focusing on Their Frequency of Experiencing Negative Emotions Toward Patients and Support at Their Workplaces

Background: We examined factors influencing psychiatric nurses’ job satisfaction levels focusing on their frequency of experiencing negative emotions toward patients and support at their workplaces. Methods: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted involving 1,097 psychiatric nurses working at 13 psychiatric hospitals in the Chugoku area to investigate their basic attributes, work-related factors, and scores from 3 scales: the Negative Feeling toward Patient Frequency scale, an original support-in-workplace scale, and the new Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (job stress and satisfaction). Correlations between basic attributes/work-related factors and scores from each scale, and the relationships among the study items were analyzed. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was performed using the job satisfaction level. Results: The subjects were the 577 psychiatric nurses who returned valid responses without missing data (response rate: 60.4%, valid responses: 87.0%). The subjects were the 577 psychiatric nurses who returned valid responses without missing data (response rate: 60.4%, valid responses: 87.0%). To clarify the level of influence on the job satisfaction level of each variable, logistic regression analysis was performed adopting the stepwise method for all of the items that were correlated with the job satisfaction level as a dependent variable. Support (from supervisors) at the workplace (OR: 1.069), job stress (OR: 0.751), Negative Feeling toward Patient Frequency-Total scale scores (OR: 0.980) were found to influence the job satisfaction level. Conclusion: Support from supervisors may be indispensable, and working environments that reduce job stress and negative emotions toward patients may be required to increase the job satisfaction levels of psychiatric nurses. This survey suggested that the establishment and maintenance of favorable working environments and interpersonal relationships increase job satisfaction levels while reducing stress, thereby improving job retention among psychiatric nurses

タバコ懸濁培養細胞におけるアルミニウムの二価鉄、銅およびカドミウム毒性に対する影響

The effects of aluminum (Al) on the cytotoxicity of ferrous iron (Fe(Ⅱ)), copper(Cu) and cadmium(Cd) were studied. Log-phase cells were treated with either FeSO4,CuSO4, or CdCl2 in the presence or absence of AlCl3(120μM) for 18h at pH 4.0. After the treatment, the viability was determined as relative growth of the metal-treated cells to the untreated control cells during the post-treated culture. A single treated with either Al, Fe(Ⅱ) or Cd did not inhibit the growth at the metal concerntrations up to 300 μM, 200 μM and 500 μM, respectively, whereas the growth was markedly inhibited at 15 μM Cu. Thus,the cells were relatively insensitive to Al, Fe(Ⅱ) and Cd and sensitive to Cu. When cells were treated with both Fe(Ⅱ)(120 μM)and Al(120μM), the growth was significantly inhibited and the cellular contents of both Al and Fe increased synergistically. After the treatment with Cu(0 to 10 μM) with or without Al, the cells grew more vigorously when they were treated in the presence of Al, althrouh the Cu content of the cells were not alterd by Al. The presence of Al during the treatmemt with Cd(0 to 2 μM) had no effect on the degree of growth inhibition by Cd. Thus, Al interacts with the toxicity of Fe(Ⅱ), Cu and Cd in different manners; synergistic with Fe(Ⅱ), antagonistic with Cu and apparently no effeco on Cd.二価鉄[Fe(Ⅱ)]、銅（Cu)およびカドミウム（Cd）の細胞毒性に対するアルミニウム（Al）の効果について検討した。120μM AlCl3の存在もしくは非存在下において、対数増殖期の細胞をFeSO4,CuSO4,CdCl2で各々18時間、pH4.0で処理した。処理後の生存率は、処理後の細胞を増殖させたのちに、未処理細胞（コントロール）の増殖に対する金属で処理した細胞の相対増殖率で求めた。Al,Fe(Ⅱ),Cdの単独処理による増殖阻害は、各々300μM、200μM、500μMの濃度まで観察されなかったが、Cuでは15μMで大きく阻害された。このように、タバコ細胞は相対的にAl、Fe（Ⅱ）、Cdには感受性が低く、Cuには感受性が高かった。細胞をFe（Ⅱ）およびAlの両方で処理すると、増殖は著しく阻害され、AlおよびFeの細胞内含量も相乗的に増加した。Cuで処理した場合、Alを加えることにより逆に増殖率が増加した。しかし、細胞内Cu含量はAlの影響を受けなかった。Cd処理の場合、Alを加えてもCdによる増殖阻害の程度は変わらなかった。このように、AlはFe（Ⅱ）、Cu、Cd毒性に対して各々異なる相互作用を示し、Fe（Ⅱ）に対し、相乗効果を、Cuに対しては拮抗的な阻害を示したが、Cdに対してはみかけ上効果がなかった

Transition in eye gaze as a predictor of emergence from general anesthesia in children and adults : a prospective observational study

Background: It is useful to monitor eye movements during general anesthesia, but few studies have examined neurological finding of the eyes during emergence from general anesthesia maintained with short-acting opioids and volatile anesthetics. Methods: Thirty children aged 1–6 years and 30 adults aged 20–79 years were enrolled. Patients received general anesthesia maintained with sevoflurane and remifentanil. The timing of three physical-behavioral responses—eye-gaze transition (the cycle from conjugate to disconjugate and back to conjugate), resumption of somatic movement (limbs or body), and resumption of respiration—were recorded until spontaneous awakening. The primary outcome measure was the timing of the physical-behavioral responses. Secondary outcome measures were the incidence of eye-gaze transition, and the bispectral index, concentration of end-tidal sevoflurane, and heart rate at the timing of eye-gaze transition. Results: Eye-gaze transition was evident in 29 children (96.7%; 95% confidence interval, 82.8–99.9). After the end of surgery, eye-gaze transition was observed significantly earlier than resumption of somatic movement or respiration (472 [standard deviation 219] s, 723 [235] s, and 754 [232] s, respectively; p < 0.001). In adults, 3 cases (10%; 95% CI, 0.2–26.5) showed eye-gaze transition during emergence from anesthesia. The incidence of eye-gaze transition was significantly lower in adults than in children (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In children, eye-gaze transition was observed significantly earlier than other physical-behavioral responses during emergence from general anesthesia and seemed to reflect emergence from anesthesia. In contrast, observation of eye gaze was not a useful indicator of emergence from anesthesia in adults