The iconography of Comrade Andrei (Yakov Sverdlov): a mechanism of Soviet mythmaking

The article was submitted on 15.03.2016Механизм создания мифа о советском вожде Товарище Андрее (Якове Свердлове) рассматривается в статье на примере художественной коллекции Музея Я. М. Свердлова (ныне – Музея города Екатеринбурга). Сохранившиеся в научном архиве музея инструкции и подробные описания заказывавшихся картин, стенограммы последующих обсуждений с участием старых большевиков и сотрудников Института истории ВКП(б), объяснения и предложения художников, мнения и оценки конкретных чиновников позволяют проследить процесс разработки и последующего выполнения произведений, представлявших образ и революционную деятельность Якова Свердлова. Статус заказчиков, обретенный вместе с должностью, обязывал советских чиновников (заведующих музеями, директоров предприятий, инструкторов обкомов, председателей правления местных организаций Союза художников и т. п.) решать вопросы, связанные с «производством искусства». Именно они задавали темы, сюжеты и образы, предлагали формат, композиционное решение картины и технику исполнения, отбирали эскизы и варианты, контролировали процесс развития замысла, вмешиваясь при желании во все детали. Авторы отмечают, что у заказчиков – представителей местной власти были те же вкусы и культурные предпочтения, что и у массовой публики. Они выстраивали иконографию Якова Свердлова по определенным образцам и композиционным схемам (на примере картин с Лениным и Сталиным), вписывая «вожака уральских рабочих» в отведенные для него рамки. Обозначив все «иконографические» композиционные схемы, творцы (заказчики и художники) добились в плане мифологизации «вождя уральских рабочих» весьма скромных результатов. Большинство созданных картин оказались ограниченными документально-бытовой стилистикой. Заказчики отвергали любой намек на художественную аллегорию, символику или художественное обобщение, желая получить некую реконструкцию «реальной революционной жизни», что привело к заметной однобокости сюжетов, отнюдь не отражающей сложности революционного времени, и к невыразительности образа Я. Свердлова.The article considers the mechanism underlying the mythmaking of “comrade Andrei” (Yakov Sverdlov), a Soviet chieftain, referring to the art collection of the Ya. M. Sverdlov Museum (presently, the City Museum of Yekaterinburg). Kept in the Scientific Archive of the Museum, instructions and detailed descriptions of paintings ordered as well as transcripts of subsequent discussions attended by the so-called old Bolsheviks and representatives of the Institute of History of the (All-) Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), artists’ commentaries and suggestions along with the opinions and estimations of some officials help trace the process of planning and realization of different art projects, depicting the image and revolutionary activity of Yakov Sverdlov. The status of customers acquired along with their positions, meant that Soviet officials (heads of museums, factories, instructors of regional committees, and CEOs of local agricultural institutions) would solve all the issues, underlying the “production of art”. It was them who decided on the themes, plots and images and offered the format and compositions of paintings and their methods of creation; they also chose the appropriate studies and painting versions, controlled the realization and development of the concept and interfered with all the details to their liking. The authors demonstrate that the customers, i.e. representatives of the local authorities had the same tastes and cultural preferences as the public. In their creation of Yakov Sverdlov’s iconography, they followed the images and compositional patterns that had already been tested (with paintings depicting Lenin and Stalin) and kept the image of “the chieftain of Ural workers” within the assigned framework. Despite the fact that they observed all the iconographic compositional patterns, the creators (both customers and artists) failed to reach any impressive results in their mythologisation of “the chieftain of Ural workers”. The majority of paintings they created were limited to documentary and everyday themes. The customers rejected any artistic allegory, symbolic implications or artistic generalization, aiming at a reconstruction of a real revolutionary life which led to one-sided plots, aiming at a certain reconstruction of “the real revolutionary times”, which made Ya. Sverdlov’s image inexpressive and dull

DANSSino: a pilot version of the DANSS neutrino detector

DANSSino is a reduced pilot version of a solid-state detector of reactor antineutrinos (to be created within the DANSS project and installed under the industrial 3 GW(th) reactor of the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant -- KNPP). Numerous tests performed at a distance of 11 m from the reactor core demonstrate operability of the chosen design and reveal the main sources of the background. In spite of its small size (20x20x100 ccm), the pilot detector turned out to be quite sensitive to reactor antineutrinos, detecting about 70 IBD events per day with the signal-to-background ratio about unity.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1304.369

Search for the Cryptoexotic Member of the Baryon Antidecuplet 1/2+ in the Reactions pi- p --> pi- p and pi- p --> K L

The main goal of this proposal is the search for a narrow cryptoexotic nucleon resonance by scanning of the pi- p system invariant mass in the region (1610-1770) MeV with the detection of pi- p and K Lambda decays. The scan is supposed to be done by the variation of the incident pi- momentum and its measurement with the accuracy of up to +-0.1% (better than 1 MeV in terms of the invariant mass in the whole energy range) with a set of proportional chambers located in the first focus of the magnetooptical channel. High sensitivity of the method to the resonance under search is shown. The secondary particles scattered from a liquid hydrogen target are detected by sets of the wire drift chambers equipped with modern electronics. The time scale of the project is about 3 years. The budget estimate including manpower, the apparatus and operation cost, is about 40 million rubles. The beam time required is (4-6) two week runs on "high" (10 GeV/c) flattop of the ITEP proton synchrotron.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. v2: an acknowledge adde

Search for sterile neutrinos at the DANSS experiment

DANSS is a highly segmented 1~m${}^3$ plastic scintillator detector. Its 2500 one meter long scintillator strips have a Gd-loaded reflective cover. The DANSS detector is placed under an industrial 3.1~$\mathrm{GW_{th}}$ reactor of the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant 350~km NW from Moscow. The distance to the core is varied on-line from 10.7~m to 12.7~m. The reactor building provides about 50~m water-equivalent shielding against the cosmic background. DANSS detects almost 5000 $\widetilde\nu_e$ per day at the closest position with the cosmic background less than 3$\%$. The inverse beta decay process is used to detect $\widetilde\nu_e$. Sterile neutrinos are searched for assuming the $4\nu$ model (3 active and 1 sterile $\nu$). The exclusion area in the $\Delta m_{14}^2,\sin^22\theta_{14}$ plane is obtained using a ratio of positron energy spectra collected at different distances. Therefore results do not depend on the shape and normalization of the reactor $\widetilde\nu_e$ spectrum, as well as on the detector efficiency. Results are based on 966 thousand antineutrino events collected at 3 distances from the reactor core. The excluded area covers a wide range of the sterile neutrino parameters up to $\sin^22\theta_{14}<0.01$ in the most sensitive region.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures, version accepted for publicatio

Overshoot mechanism in transient excitation of THz and Gunn oscillations in wide-bandgap semiconductors

A detailed study of high-field transient and direct-current (DC) transport in GaN-based Gunn diode oscillators is carried out using the commercial simulator Sentaurus Device. Applicability of drift-diffusion (DD) and hydrodynamic (HD) models to high-speed, highfrequency devices is discussed in depth, and the results of the simulations from these models are compared. It is shown, for a highly homogeneous device based on a short (2 μm) supercritically doped (1017 cm-3) GaN specimen, that the DD model is unable to correctly take into account some essential physical effects which determine the operation mode of the device. At the same time, the HD model is ideally suited to solve such problems due to its ability to incorporate non-local effects. We show that the velocity overshoot near the device contacts and space charge injection and extraction play a crucial role in defining the operation mode of highly homogeneous short diodes in both the transient regime and the voltagecontrolled oscillation regime. The transient conduction current responses are fundamentally different in the DD and HD models. The DD current simply repeats the velocity-field (v-F) characteristics, and the sample remains in a completely homogeneous state. In the HD model, the transient current pulse with a full width at half maximum of approximately 0.2 ps is increased about twofold due to the carrier injection (extraction) into (from) the active region and the velocity overshoot. The electron gas is characterized by highly inhomogeneous distributions of the carrier density, the electric field and the electron temperature. The simulation of the DC steady states of the diodes also shows very different results for the two models. The HD model shows the trapped stable anodic domain in the device, while the DD model completely retains all features of the v-F characteristics in a homogeneous gas. Simulation of the voltage-controlled oscillator shows that it operates in the accumulation layer mode generating microwave signals at 0.3 to 0.7 THz. In spite of the fact that the known criterion of a Gunn domain mode n0L > (n0L)0 was satisfied, no Gunn domains were observed. The explanation of this phenomenon is given. © 2012 Momox et al

Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distribution/Fragmentation Functions at an Electron-Ion Collider

We present a summary of a recent workshop held at Duke University on Partonic Transverse Momentum in Hadrons: Quark Spin-Orbit Correlations and Quark-Gluon Interactions. The transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs), parton-to-hadron fragmentation functions, and multi-parton correlation functions, were discussed extensively at the Duke workshop. In this paper, we summarize first the theoretical issues concerning the study of partonic structure of hadrons at a future electron-ion collider (EIC) with emphasis on the TMDs. We then present simulation results on experimental studies of TMDs through measurements of single spin asymmetries (SSA) from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) processes with an EIC, and discuss the requirement of the detector for SIDIS measurements. The dynamics of parton correlations in the nucleon is further explored via a study of SSA in D (`D) production at large transverse momenta with the aim of accessing the unexplored tri-gluon correlation functions. The workshop participants identified the SSA measurements in SIDIS as a golden program to study TMDs in both the sea and valence quark regions and to study the role of gluons, with the Sivers asymmetry measurements as examples. Such measurements will lead to major advancement in our understanding of TMDs in the valence quark region, and more importantly also allow for the investigation of TMDs in the sea quark region along with a study of their evolution.Comment: 44 pages 23 figures, summary of Duke EIC workshop on TMDs accepted by EPJ