Recent Progress on Graphene/Polyaniline Composites for High-performance Supercapacitors

Electrode materials are crucial for the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. In view of the high specific surface area, high conductivity of graphene nanosheets and the high pseudocapacitance of polyaniline (PANI), the combination of graphene with PANI has become a research hotspot. In this work, we summarize the recent advance on the synthesis of PANI and graphene/PANI composites, and their application in supercapacitors. The synthesis of PANI is the basis of preparing graphene/PANI composites, so we first introduce the synthesis methods of PANI. Then, the advances of two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) graphene/PANI composites are summarized according to the inherent feature of graphene. The 2D composites of pristine graphene and functionalized graphene with PANI are introduced separately; furthermore, the 3D composites are classified into three sections, including flexible graphene/PANI composites, graphene framework based composites, and printable graphene/PANI composites. At last, aiming at solving the current challenges of graphene/PANI composites, we put forward some strategies for preparing high performance graphene/PANI composite electrodes

昆仑山北坡不同海拔塔里木沙拐枣的光合生理生态特性/Photosynthetically and ecophysiological characteristics of Calligonum roborowasikii in different altitudes on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain[J]

在2008年7月25日-8月6日的连续晴天中,选择昆仑山北坡塔里木沙拐枣自然分布区3个海拔高度(2100,2300,2500m),利用便携式光合测定仪LI-6400测定塔里木沙拐枣的光合生理生态特性.结果表明:2100m处塔里木沙拐枣的光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)与2300m,2500m处差异分别达到显著,而3者间的最大净光合速率(Pmax)差异均达显著.表观量子效率(AQY)在3个海拔之间差异均不显著,但在2100m处的羧化效率(CE)分别与2300m和2500m处的差异显著.相间海拔下塔里木沙拐枣的暗呼吸速率值(Rday)要高于光呼吸速率值(Rp),且2500m处的暗呼吸速率分别与2100m和2300m处的有显著的差异,2100m处的光呼吸速率分别与2300m和2500m差异显著.3个海拔塔里木沙拐枣的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(TT)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化均为单峰曲线.随着海拔的升高,塔里木沙拐枣Pn,TT,Gs和Ls的日均值降低,但光能利用率(LUE)和水分利用效率(WUE)却显著增加.塔里木沙拐枣的Pn与叶温(T1)、大气温度(Ta)和光照强度(PPFD)具有极显著的正相关关系,与海拔呈显著负相关,与空气相对湿度(RH)和大气CO2浓度(Ca)之间均不具有显著相关性.Tr与Ta,T1和PPFD具有极显著的正相关性,与RH之间存在显著的负相关.Gs只与Ca之间呈极显著的负相关.Pn与Tr,Ls,Gs,WUE和Vpdl分别具有极显著的正相关性,与Ci呈极显著的负相关.通过对不同海拔高度塔里木沙拐枣光合生理参数与光、温等生态因子关系的对比分析表明:塔里木沙拐枣对山地荒漠草地自然环境变化的温度和光照有很好的生态适应性