«Діти – майбутні будівничі комунізму»: ідеологічна казуїстика шкільної освіти в Україні (1950-ті – 1991 рр.)

The key factors contributing to personal socialization traditionally include education, that along with family education has a great influence on formation of basic beliefs, values and patterns of behavior of a young person. The article presents a comprehensive study of a long-term effect of school education in Ukraine in the years 1950s – 1991, that is had on formation of a «Soviet person». The article is based on materials Records of the Branch Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Central State Archive, and author’s interviews. In mid-1950s Soviet general secondary education school was a social institute fully regulated and controlled by the party and the state. The school had a monopoly on inoculating the only right worldview to the children, since Soviet parents had no rights to convey their real understanding of the society to the children. The core of the Soviet school model was centralization and unification. Developing skills of promoting creativity was hardly the direct target of secondary school education. The task was quite the opposite – to shape up a personality in compliance with a certain standard and within a common template of human behavior and political views. The dogmatism of the Soviet school model was hampering the development of critical thinking at its very beginning. Instead of it, the ideological content of school curriculum and the overall educational process, that was aimed at constructing of a “new person”, was mostly taken with indifference. The growing number of events correlated with the increased formalism of their implementation and introduction.As a result, the positions of double standards and divergence of words and actions was planted in schoolchildren’s minds. Consequently, it created the single-source model of social behavior in the minds of schoolchildren. Under the strict regulation the school was orientated towards creating average looks, the person with average talents.Pupils were taught the idea that the only way of being and developing of the Ukrainian nation is solely being in a family of the USSR nations headed by the Russian nation. The means of developing the “friendship of peoples” was the usage of the Russian language as the language of international communication, that de facto in the years 1950s − 1980s with different intensity and scale became the content of russification.The article proves the continuity of value beliefs promoted by the Soviet secondary school, because no matter how much the sure person is of the falsehood of school precepts, they would live their future lives in terms of these principles.В статье анализируется роль школьного образования в воспитании «советского человека» в Украине во второй половине XX в. На материалах Отраслевого государственного архива СБУ, центральных государственных архивов, интервью автора прослежены замыслы и воплощение идеологизации обучения и воспитания в школах УССР. Исследованы бинарные конструкции образовательной модели: «семья – школа», «централизация – формализм», «постулаты – нигилизм», «дружба народов – русификация». В контексте идеологизации школьного образования изучена роль политехнизации обучения, изучения гуманитарных дисциплин (история, литература), использование русского языка в преподавании. Акцентируется долговременное воздействие образования на амбивалентность и раздвоение сознания, воспитание человека средних способностей, выхолащивание национального субстрата, прививание «очковтирательства», практики обходить правила. Установлен оппозиционный потенциал образования, который проявил себя в период «перестройки». Получил подтверждение тезис о том, что сколько бы человек не убеждался в ошибочности школьных постулатов, он всю жизнь считался с ними.У статті аналізується роль шкільної освіти у вихованні «радянської людини» в Україні у другій половині XX ст. На матеріалах Галузевого державного архіву СБУ, центральних державних архівів, інтерв’ю автора простежено задуми та втілення ідеологізації навчання і виховання у школах УРСР. Досліджено бінарні конструкції освітньої моделі: «родина − школа», «централізація − формалізм», «постулати – нігілізм», «дружба народів – русифікація». У контексті ідеологізації шкільної освіти вивчено роль політехнізації навчання, вивчення гуманітарних дисциплін (історія, література), використання російської мови у викладанні. Акцентується довготривалий вплив освіти на амбівалентність та роздвоєння свідомості, виховання людини середніх здібностей, вихолощування національного субстрату, прищеплення «окозамилювання», практики обходити правила. Встановлено опозиційний потенціал освіти, що виявив себе у період «перебудови». Дістала підтвердження теза про те, що скільки б людина не переконувалась у хибності шкільних постулатів, вона усе життя рахувалася з ними

Long Wave Infrared Type II Superlattice Focal Plane Array Detector

The XBn/XBp family of barrier detectors enables diffusion limited dark currents comparable with HgxCd1-xTe Rule-07 and high quantum efficiencies. SCD’s XBp type II superlattice (T2SL) detector contains InAs/GaSb and InAs/AlSb T2SLs, and was designed for the long wave infrared (LWIR) atmospheric window using k · p based modeling of the energy bands and photo-response. Wafers are grown by molecular beam epitaxy and are fabricated into focal plane array (FPA) detectors using standard FPA processes, including wet and dry etching, indium bump hybridisation, under-fill, and back-side polishing. The 640 × 512 pixel, 15 μm pitch, detector goes by the name of ‘Pelican-D LW’ and exhibits a quantum efficiency of ~ 50 per cent with background limited performance at an operating temperature of 77 K. It has a cut-off wave length of ~ 9.5 μm, with a pixel operability of above 99 per cent. The detector gives a very stable image with a residual non uniformity of below 0.04 per cent over its useful dynamic range. A new digital read-out integrated circuit has been designed so that the complete detector closely follows the configuration of SCD’s MWIR Pelican-D detector

The benefits of strength training on musculoskeletal system health: practical applications for interdisciplinary care

Global health organizations have provided recommendations regarding exercise for the general population. Strength training has been included in several position statements due to its multi-systemic benefits. In this narrative review, we examine the available literature, first explaining how specific mechanical loading is converted into positive cellular responses. Secondly, benefits related to specific musculoskeletal tissues are discussed, with practical applications and training programmes clearly outlined for both common musculoskeletal disorders and primary prevention strategies

Casting techniques of cannonballs from the Akko 1 shipwreck: Archaeometallurgical investigation

Eleven cannonballs were found in the Akko 1 shipwreck; two of them, a 9-pdr and a 24-pdr, were retrieved and studied using archaeometallurgical methods. Findings are reported in the present work. The aim of this research was to study the manufacturing technologies of the two cannonballs, and if possible to determine their date and manufacturing location according to the detailed technological analysis. The examination used optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, including energy dispersive spectroscopy, and hardness tests. The results show that the two cannonballs were casted by sand moulds, in two dissimilar processes and were made of different types of cast-iron. The non-uniformity of the 24-pdr cannonball could be the outcome of using a feeder of gray cast-iron in order to complete the casting process and compensating for the shrinkage of the metal. Based on their manufacturing process, it is suggested that the cannonballs were manufactured about the end of the first half of the nineteenth century. Combined with the archaeological and historical background, this supports the possibility that Akko 1 was a naval auxiliary vessel, which was in Akko harbour circa 1840

Doświadczenie wzmocnienia fundamentów technologicznych i monolitycznej żelbetowej ściany oporowej podczas budowy obiektów infrastruktury w czasie rozbudowy mocy produkcyjnej

The article contains experience in strengthening critical large-cast reinforced concrete monolith structures under heavy-load conditions on the operating construction enterprise. Herewith measures aimed to strengthen reinforced concrete loading ramp retaining wall resulted in the change of operation scheme as flagstone with outline abutment to classic operation scheme of retaining wall with reverse transom. All the main stages of the strengthening process technique are described in detail, in particular starting from the examination stage of the structure mode of deformation, its monitoring during implementation of works, and ending with stage of exploitation of both reinforced concrete technological foundations and retaining wall under operational loadings.W artykule opisano doświadczenie wzmocnienia odpowiedzialnych wielogabarytowych żelbetowych monolitycznych konstrukcij, które pracują w ciężkich warunkach eksploatacyjnych działającego przedsiębiorstwa branży budowlanej. W tym wypadku środki wzmacniające żelbetowej ściany oporowej rampy załadunkowej spowodowały zmiany schematu obliczeniowego pracy - ze schematu płyty opartej konturowo na schemat pracy ściany oporowej z odsadzką Określono szczegółowo wszystkie główne etapy technologii wzmocnienia, zaczynając od fazy badania stanu deformacyjno-naprężeniowego konstrukcji, poprzez monitorowanie całego okresu pracy, aż do etapu eksploatacji żelbetowych technologicznych fundamentów oraz ściany oporowej pod obciążeniem użytkowym