Post-Cold War demilitarisation and 'Korean trading diaspora' in Vladivostok: The past and the present

This thesis will examine historical changes of Asian traders in Vladivostok from the mid nineteenth century up to the present in the 1990s. The city was a military post, forbidden to foreign traders under the Soviet regime. The duality of cosmopolitanism and militarism determined the city's history either with an open border economy or a closed militarised economy. With Stalinism in the 1930s, system of "war-making" socialist state (hereafter, WMSS) destroyed the cosmopolitan nature of the city. Vladivostok was cut off from East Asia and became a recipient of the state subsidies and a power base of the centralised control to maintain military and border guard deployments. Stalin deported Han Chinese and forcibly relocated Koreans to Central Asia due to Stalin's belief in Asians' secessionist conspiracy in the Soviet Far East. In 1992 and onwards, the city was opened again, and Chinese citizens entered the city as traders, though their number is little known. The thesis will explore links between the dismantling of the WMSSs system (in the Russian Far East and Northeast China) and the reappearing Chinese Korean traders (traders with Chinese citizenship of Korean decent) in the city. A primary research in this work is an original fieldwork 1995-96 which took place in the Chinese Market in the city. The thesis will discuss through its findings a reason for reemergence of Asian traders in the city. Major questions are : (1) what is a link between transformation of the WMSS system under the post-Cold War demilitarisation and impact on the city especially, demography, as seen in the reappearance of Asian traders, and (2) the decline of the former system of a militarised economy and the rise of a hypothesised "Korean trading diaspora". It will be argued that declining of the former system caused effects in three dimensions : (1) state's retreat in "demographic engineering" to protect its homeland from an influx of outsiders, (2) casualisation of centralised state distribution and (3) casualisation and tertiarisation of state employment. With the disintegration of the former system, the state's system of compensation and 2 subsidisation of peripheral settlements retreated in the periphery. The rise of ethnic "merchant capitalism" in part replaced the former system of centralised state distribution and employment. With readjustment of distorted economic structure (bias towards heavy manufacturing) and a rise of consumer market, shift in import sourcing of clothings and textile products caused the reemergence of Asian traders in Vladivostok. The former system used to provided the population in the two regions (the Russian Far East and Northeast China) with job guarantees and essential consumer products for living. The dismantling, however, produced decrease in opportunities for state employment, and increase in private trade and other casual jobs in order that individuals should gain alternative or supplementary means of income for economic survival (a rise of a "bazaar economy"). It is under this retreat of a militarised economy in the three dimensions at least partly that people in the two regions gained access to incomes and to consumer goods and services, and this situation generated some kind of trading diaspora, and hence, influx of Asian traders into the city

The Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer 3, part 2: Track detector

The twelve wide gap spark chambers were utilized as the track detectors of the Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer not only to obtain the precise locations of particles, but also to get some information about the correspondences between segments of trajectories. The area of each chamber is 150 x 70 sq cm and the width of a gap is 5 cm. The gas used is He at the atmospheric pressure. Each three pairs of them are placed on both sides of the deflection magnet. All images of sparks for each event are projected through the mirror system and recorded by two cameras stereoscopically. The mean detection efficiency of each chamber is 95 + or - 2% and the spacial resolution (jitter and drift) obtained from the prototype-experiment is 0.12 mm. Maximum detectable momentum of the spectrometer is estimated at about 10 TeV/c taking into account these characteristics together with the effects of the energy loss and multiple Coulomb scattering of muons in the iron magnet

Aharonov-Bohm effect in higher genus materials

Flux periodicity of conducting electrons on a closed surface with genus two $g=2$ (double torus) are investigated theoretically. We examine flux periodicity of the ground-state energy and of the wave functions as a function of applied magnetic field. A fundamental flux period of the ground-state energy is twice a fundamental unit of magnetic flux for uniformly applied magnetic field, which is shown to be valid for a simple ladder geometry and carbon double torus. Flux periodicity of the wave functions in a double torus is complicate as compared with a simple torus ($g=1$), and an adiabatic addition of magnetic fluxes does not provide a good quantum number for the energy eigenstates. The results are extended to higher genus materials and the implications of the results are discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figure

A novel type of proximity focusing RICH counter with multiple refractive index aerogel radiator

A proximity focusing ring imaging Cherenkov detector, with the radiator consisting of two or more aerogel layers of different refractive indices, has been tested in 1-4 GeV/c pion beams at KEK. Essentially, a multiple refractive index aerogel radiator allows for an increase in Cherenkov photon yield on account of the increase in overall radiator thickness, while avoiding the simultaneous degradation in single photon angular resolution associated with the increased uncertainty of the emission point. With the refractive index of consecutive layers suitably increasing in the downstream direction, one may achieve overlapping of the Cherenkov rings from a single charged particle. In the opposite case of decreasing refractive index, one may obtain well separated rings. In the former combination an approximately 40% increase in photon yield is accompanied with just a minor degradation in single photon angular resolution. The impact of this improvement on the pion/kaon separation at the upgraded Belle detector is discussed.Comment: submitted to Nucl. Instr. Meth.