31 research outputs found
Russiaβs Legal Transitions: Marxist Theory, Neoclassical Economics and the Rule of Law
We review the role of economic theory in shaping the process of legal change in Russia during the two transitions it experienced during the course of the twentieth century: the transition to a socialist economy organised along the lines of state ownership of the means of production in the 1920s, and the transition to a market economy which occurred after the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. Despite differences in methodology and in policy implications, Marxist theory, dominant in the 1920s, and neoclassical economics, dominant in the 1990s, offered a similarly reductive account of law as subservient to wider economic forces. In both cases, the subordinate place accorded to law undermined the transition process. Although path dependence and history are frequently invoked to explain the limited development of the rule of law in Russia during the 1990s, policy choices driven by a deterministic conception of law and economics also played a role.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40803-015-0012-
Histostructure of pancreas in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis type I and II: connection with the level of IgG4-positive plasma cells
Differential diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis apart from everything else is based on specifi cs of immunoglobulin G4 involvement
into the pathogenesis.
Aims: to analyze two forms of autoimmune pancreatitis and their relation to the level of IgG4-positive plasma cells.
Methods and results. The present study was conducted on 54 patients with chronic pancreatitis, from which 15 cases with autoimmune
pancreatitis were selected by using morphological and immunohistochemical methods.
Conclusion. It has been established that for autoimmune pancreatitis type I dense lymphocytic periductal infi ltrate, multilevel fi brosis,
obliterating venulitis and high IgG4-positive plasma cells in the pancreas (β₯ 30 per high power fi eld) were typical. In the cases of
autoimmune pancreatitis type II, besides the specifi c histopathological signs of AIP, signifi cantly epithelial damage of pancreatic ducts
by leukocytes, low levels of IgG4-PPC in the pancreas and focal lesions on stages I-III of disease (80%) were observed
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ I Ρ II ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ²: Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ· ΡΡΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ IgG4-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Ρ
Aims/hypothesis. The study was undertaken to examine the special aspects of pancreatic histopathology in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) type I and II, in connection with the level of IgG4-positive plasma cells (PPC) in the tissue.Material and methods. The study was conducted on 54 patients with chronic pancreatitis, of whom15 cases with autoimmune pancreatitis were selected. Detailed histological evaluation in three topographical zones of the pancreas (head, body and tail) was carried out for each case.Results and interpretation. AIP type I was found in five cases. In all cases in pancreas (all three zones) stages III-IV of AIP were observed with characteristic dense lymphocytic and plasma cells infiltration, multilevel fibrosis and obliterating phlebitis. In the liver hepatitis was observed with a slight fibrosis and plasma cells infiltration (up to 5-PPC per high power field), IgG4-PPC were located in dilated portal tracts. The high level of IgG-PPC and IgG4-PPC in the pancreatic tissue (β₯ 30 IgG4-PPC per high power field) also confirmed the diagnosis of AIP type I, as IgG4-associated sclerosing disease. These patients had a diffuse damage of the pancreas at III (3 cases) and IV (2 cases) stages. All cases were marked by complicated disease course of AIP: in 60% (3 people) β a chronic fibrocystic pancreatitis, and 40% (2 people) β a chronic calculus pancreatopathy. In all the patients with AIP type I the dense plasma cells infiltrate around main and interlobular ducts and pancreatic lymph follicles was found with compact clusters of IgG4-PPC (β₯ 30 IgG4-PPC per high power field).AIP type II was found in other 10 cases. Two of them were characterized by diffuse, and eight β by the focal form of AIP. Stage IV of AIP was detected in one patient with the total damage of pancreas, and the AIP on II stage of development in another. AIP activity in these patients was minimal. Focal form of AIP type II which was located in the body of the pancreas (II-III stage AIP) was observed in three cases, in the tail (I and II Stage AIP) β in two cases, and in the head β in one case (I stage AIP). Another two cases showed conjoined destruction of the body and tail (II stage).In the focal form of AIP type II in epithelium of main pancreatic duct, collecting ducts and acini single and multiple neutrophilic leukocytes were observed, including the formation of microabscesses. Areas of desquamation, epithelial mitotic figures were observed in ductal epithelium. Suchlike high activity of AIP type II was observed in half of the cases. Lymphocytic and plasma cells infiltration was located not only in the ducts area but also in the stroma and lobules. For AIP type II at stages III-IV obliterating phlebitis located in the fibrous tissue was typical. In periductal fibrous tissue clusters of IgG PPC were identified. All cases show focal compact clusters of IgG4-PPC in periductal, perilobular and fibrotic tissue. IgG4-PPC were counted to the limit of 5-10 per high power field.Conclusions. Autoimmune pancreatitis type I is marked by dense lymphocytic and plasma cells infiltrate in periductal zone, multilevel fibrosis, obliterating venulitis and a high level of IgG4-PPC in the pancreas (β₯ 30 IgG4-PPC per high power field). Autoimmune pancreatitis type II, in addition to the known histopathologic features of AIP, was defined by neutrophilic leukocyte epithelial damage of pancreatic ducts and low level of IgG4-PPC in the pancreas. For AIP type II in 80% of cases focal damage of the pancreas at stage I-III was typical. In perspective those findings will lead to developing of simple and affordable diagnostic for AIP type I and II.ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° G 4 ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°. Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ IgG4-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ c ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ 54 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ 15 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ I ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ IgG4-ΠΠΠ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ (β₯30 IgG4-ΠΠΠ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° II ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ IgG4-ΠΠΠ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° IβIII ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (80% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π²).ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½Π° Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Π· ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ G 4 ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ. Π ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΊΡ Π· ΡΡΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ IgG4-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 54 Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ 15 Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡΠ² Π· Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ I ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΡΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ IgG4-ΠΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ·Ρ (β₯ 30 IgG4-ΠΠΠ Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π·ΠΎΡΡ). ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ II ΡΠΈΠΏΡ, ΠΊΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ, Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ IgG4-ΠΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° IβIII ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡΡ
Π·Π°Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ (80% Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡΠ²).
Methotrexate treatment may prevent uveitis onset in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: experiences and subgroup analysis in a cohort with frequent methotrexate use
To re-evaluate the ability of methotrexate (MTX) to prevent the onset of uveitis in Russian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)