Large-time Behavior of Solutions to the Inflow Problem of Full Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations

Large-time behavior of solutions to the inflow problem of full compressible Navier-Stokes equations is investigated on the half line $R^+ =(0,+\infty)$. The wave structure which contains four waves: the transonic(or degenerate) boundary layer solution, 1-rarefaction wave, viscous 2-contact wave and 3-rarefaction wave to the inflow problem is described and the asymptotic stability of the superposition of the above four wave patterns to the inflow problem of full compressible Navier-Stokes equations is proven under some smallness conditions. The proof is given by the elementary energy analysis based on the underlying wave structure. The main points in the proof are the degeneracies of the transonic boundary layer solution and the wave interactions in the superposition wave.Comment: 27 page

Dust aerosol impact on North Africa climate: a GCM investigation of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions using A-Train satellite data

The climatic effects of dust aerosols in North Africa have been investigated using the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The model includes an efficient and physically based radiation parameterization scheme developed specifically for application to clouds and aerosols. Parameterization of the effective ice particle size in association with the aerosol first indirect effect based on ice cloud and aerosol data retrieved from A-Train satellite observations have been employed in climate model simulations. Offline simulations reveal that the direct solar, IR, and net forcings by dust aerosols at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) generally increase with increasing aerosol optical depth. When the dust semi-direct effect is included with the presence of ice clouds, positive IR radiative forcing is enhanced since ice clouds trap substantial IR radiation, while the positive solar forcing with dust aerosols alone has been changed to negative values due to the strong reflection of solar radiation by clouds, indicating that cloud forcing associated with aerosol semi-direct effect could exceed direct aerosol forcing. With the aerosol first indirect effect, the net cloud forcing is generally reduced in the case for an ice water path (IWP) larger than 20 g m<sup>−2</sup>. The magnitude of the reduction increases with IWP. <br><br> AGCM simulations show that the reduced ice crystal mean effective size due to the aerosol first indirect effect results in less OLR and net solar flux at TOA over the cloudy area of the North Africa region because ice clouds with smaller size trap more IR radiation and reflect more solar radiation. The precipitation in the same area, however, increases due to the aerosol indirect effect on ice clouds, corresponding to the enhanced convection as indicated by reduced OLR. Adding the aerosol direct effect into the model simulation reduces the precipitation in the normal rainfall band over North Africa, where precipitation is shifted to the south and the northeast produced by the absorption of sunlight and the subsequent heating of the air column by dust particles. As a result, rainfall is drawn further inland to the northeast. This study represents the first attempt to quantify the climate impact of the aerosol indirect effect using a GCM in connection with A-Train satellite data. The parameterization for the aerosol first indirect effect developed in this study can be readily employed for application to other GCMs

Identifying and validating subtypes within major psychiatric disorders based on frontal-posterior functional imbalance via deep learning

Converging evidence increasingly implicates shared etiologic and pathophysiological characteristics among major psychiatric disorders (MPDs), such as schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Examining the neurobiology of the psychotic-affective spectrum may greatly advance biological determination of psychiatric diagnosis, which is critical for the development of more effective treatments. In this study, ensemble clustering was developed to identify subtypes within a trans-diagnostic sample of MPDs. Whole brain amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) was used to extract the low-dimensional features for clustering in a total of 944 participants: 581 psychiatric patients (193 with SZ, 171 with BD, and 217 with MDD) and 363 healthy controls (HC). We identified two subtypes with differentiating patterns of functional imbalance between frontal and posterior brain regions, as compared to HC: (1) Archetypal MPDs (60% of MPDs) had increased frontal and decreased posterior ALFF, and decreased cortical thickness and white matter integrity in multiple brain regions that were associated with increased polygenic risk scores and enriched risk gene expression in brain tissues; (2) Atypical MPDs (40% of MPDs) had decreased frontal and increased posterior ALFF with no associated alterations in validity measures. Medicated Archetypal MPDs had lower symptom severity than their unmedicated counterparts; whereas medicated and unmedicated Atypical MPDs had no differences in symptom scores. Our findings suggest that frontal versus posterior functional imbalance as measured by ALFF is a novel putative trans-diagnostic biomarker differentiating subtypes of MPDs that could have implications for precision medicine

Molecular research and genetic engineering of resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton: A review

Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen, causes Verticillium wilt, one of the most serious diseases in cotton, deleteriously influencing crop’s production and quality. Verticillium wilt has become a major obstacle in cotton production since Helicoverpa armigera, the cotton bollworm, became effectivelycontrolled in recent years. The wilt is becoming a key subject of research in cotton-resistance genetics, breeding and plant pathology. This paper reviews the recent research progress on genetic methods of resistance, the status and existing problems, traditional breeding, the main resistance mechanism,molecular markers and genetic engineering of resistance genes. It is hoped that new breeding methods and new varieties resistant to Verticillium wilt will be developed in the very near future

Assessment of Indoor Microbial Environment of Labs and Faculty Offices at a University in Gaza, Palestine

Bacteria and fungi grow indoors when sufficient moisture is available, causing indoor air pollution. The aims of this study were to determine the total viable bacterial count and fungi levels at the l... abs and faculty offices of the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG). Twenty-six air samples were collected from the IUG labs and faculty offices using air samplers. The results show that the highest bacterial count was observed at the Medical Science Labs with 1365 colony-forming unit (CFU)/m3 while the highest fungal count was detected at the Environment Science Labs with 425 CFU/m3. The majority of the monitored labs and offices have higher bacterial and fungal levels than the WHO standards of 500 CFU/m3. Lab users should wear face masks to reduce any potential health impacts due to the microbial pollution. 続きを見

The specific capacitance of sol–gel synthesised spinel MnCo2O4 in an alkaline electrolyte

PublishedArticleIn this work, high performance spinel MnCo2O4 electrode was fabricated via a facile sol–gel method and its capacitive behavior was successfully investigated in alkaline electrolyte. MnCo2O4 electrode was characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The pseudo capacitive behavior of spinel MnCo2O4 was widely investigated in 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As a result, the spinel MnCo2O4 exhibited excellent porous structure and the highest specific capacitance of 405 F g−1 was achieved at a current density of 5 mA cm−2. In addition, the spinel MnCo2O4 displayed desirable stability in alkaline electrolyte during long-term cycles with a cycling efficiency of 95.1% over 1,000 cycles. The high specific capacitance and excellent cycling ability of MnCo2O4 show promise for its application in supercapacitors.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaChinese Ministry of EducationNatural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of Gansu ProvinceProgram for Hongliu Outstanding Talents in Lanzhou University of Technolog

A sol-gel process for the synthesis of NiCo2O4 having improved specific capacitance and cycle stability for electrochemical capacitors

PublishedArticleHigh performance nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) with ultrahigh capacitance is synthesized by a facile sol-gel process and then calcined at 300◦C. The structure and morphology is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments.Amesoporous structure with high specific surface area is obtained. Electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The NiCo2O4 exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The highest specific capacitance of 1128 F g−1 is achieved at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 and 92.5% of the initial specific capacitance remained after 1000 cycles. NiCo2O4 prepared by this scale-able route could be a promising electrode material for electrochemical capacitors.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaKey Project of Chinese Ministry of EducationNatural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of Gansu Provinc

Global distribution and climate forcing of marine organic aerosol: 1. Model improvements and evaluation

Marine organic aerosol emissions have been implemented and evaluated within the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's 7-mode Modal Aerosol Module (MAM-7). Emissions of marine primary organic aerosols (POA), phytoplankton-produced isoprene- and monoterpenes-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and methane sulfonate (MS<sup>−</sup>) are shown to affect surface concentrations of organic aerosols in remote marine regions. Global emissions of submicron marine POA is estimated to be 7.9 and 9.4 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup>, for the Gantt et al. (2011) and Vignati et al. (2010) emission parameterizations, respectively. Marine sources of SOA and particulate MS<sup>−</sup> (containing both sulfur and carbon atoms) contribute an additional 0.2 and 5.1 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Widespread areas over productive waters of the Northern Atlantic, Northern Pacific, and the Southern Ocean show marine-source submicron organic aerosol surface concentrations of 100 ng m<sup>−3</sup>, with values up to 400 ng m<sup>−3</sup> over biologically productive areas. Comparison of long-term surface observations of water insoluble organic matter (WIOM) with POA concentrations from the two emission parameterizations shows that despite revealed discrepancies (often more than a factor of 2), both Gantt et al. (2011) and Vignati et al. (2010) formulations are able to capture the magnitude of marine organic aerosol concentrations, with the Gantt et al. (2011) parameterization attaining better seasonality. Model simulations show that the mixing state of the marine POA can impact the surface number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The largest increases (up to 20%) in CCN (at a supersaturation (<i>S</i>) of 0.2%) number concentration are obtained over biologically productive ocean waters when marine organic aerosol is assumed to be externally mixed with sea-salt. Assuming marine organics are internally-mixed with sea-salt provides diverse results with increases and decreases in the concentration of CCN over different parts of the ocean. The sign of the CCN change due to the addition of marine organics to sea-salt aerosol is determined by the relative significance of the increase in mean modal diameter due to addition of mass, and the decrease in particle hygroscopicity due to compositional changes in marine aerosol. Based on emerging evidence for increased CCN concentration over biologically active surface ocean areas/periods, our study suggests that treatment of sea spray in global climate models (GCMs) as an internal mixture of marine organic aerosols and sea-salt will likely lead to an underestimation in CCN number concentration

Synthesis and characterisation of M3V2O8 (M = Ni or Co) based nanostructures: a new family of high performance pseudocapacitive materials

Binary metal oxides have recently attracted extensive attention from researchers in the energy storage field due to their multiple oxidation states and high energy density. In the present work, Ni3V2O8, Co3V2O8, and the Ni3V2O8/Co3V2O8 nanocomposite are designed and synthesized as a new class of high performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Ni3V2O8 and Co3V2O8 show a structure comprising nanoflakes and nanoparticles, respectively. The Ni3V2O8/Co3V2O8 nanocomposite is prepared by growing Co3V2O8 nanoparticles on the surface of Ni3V2O8 nanoflakes. The composite inherits the structural characteristics and combines the pseudocapacitive benefits of both Ni3V2O8 and Co3V2O8, showing higher specific capacitance than Co3V2O8 and superior rate capability as well as better cycle stability to Ni3V2O8. The dependence of pseudocapacitive properties of the Ni3V2O8/Co3V2O8 nanocomposite on the Ni/Co mass ratio is also investigated, indicating that the high specific capacitance of the composite is contributed by Ni3V2O8, while its excellent rate capability and cycle stability can be attributed to the Co3V2O8 component.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaChinese Ministry of EducationNatural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of Gansu Provinc