Study of increasing production in trout rearing farms with focusing on water aeration systems and water physical filtration aspect in west Azarbaigan Province

This research was carried out to determined water reuse effects on growth indices of rainbow trout. For this reason 4 groups includes: control (with use of 100% fresh water), Test 1(rearing with use of 30% recycled water (with physical filtration) and 10% fresh water), Test 2(using of 10% recycled water (with physical filtration) and 30% fresh water), Test 3(using of 100% recycled water) was done. Fish stock of each groups were done with 62 fish in each square meter and average weight (15±1.5).The Growth index, SGR, CF, FCR, SR between different groups in each month was calculated and determined. In this research comparison the average of month growth increment between different groups indicated that significant decrease of growth in test groups with control group and also 1 and 2 groups with 3 group (p0.05). To comparison FCR, SR, MR has shown a significant difference between different groups to each other (p<0.05). These results shows that with increasing the replacement of water in rainbow trout culture ponds with recycled water cased significant decrease in SR and CF and significant increase in MR and finally decrease in production and density per unit area (p<0.05)

Generalized sheet transition condition FDTD simulation of metasurface

We propose an FDTD scheme based on Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions (GSTCs) for the simulation of polychromatic, nonlinear and space-time varying metasurfaces. This scheme consists in placing the metasurface at virtual nodal plane introduced between regular nodes of the staggered Yee grid and inserting fields determined by GSTCs in this plane in the standard FDTD algorithm. The resulting update equations are an elegant generalization of the standard FDTD equations. Indeed, in the limiting case of a null surface susceptibility ($\chi_\text{surf}=0$), they reduce to the latter, while in the next limiting case of a time-invariant metasurface $[\chi_\text{surf}\neq\chi_\text{surf}(t)]$, they split in two terms, one corresponding to the standard equations for a one-cell ($\Delta x$) thick slab with volume susceptibility ($\chi$), corresponding to a diluted approximation ($\chi=\chi_\text{surf}/(2\Delta x)$) of the zero-thickness target metasurface, and the other transforming this slab in a real (zero-thickness) metasurface. The proposed scheme is fully numerical and very easy to implement. Although it is explicitly derived for a monoisotropic metasurface, it may be straightforwardly extended to the bianisotropic case. Except for some particular case, it is not applicable to dispersive metasurfaces, for which an efficient Auxiliary Different Equation (ADE) extension of the scheme is currently being developed by the authors. The scheme is validated and illustrated by five representative examples

On the use of electromagnetic inversion for metasurface design

status: publishe

Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Treatment Induces Changes in the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 and Scavenger Receptor A1 in Murine Macrophage J774A.1 cells

BACKGROUND: Recently, trimethylamine N-oxide was introduced as a risk factor for atherosclerosis in terms of helping foam cell formation and worsening atherosclerosis complications. The present study was performed to investigate whether/how trimethylamine N-oxide is involved in regulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and scavenger receptor A1 in macrophages at both mRNA and protein levels. METHODS: Murine macrophage J774A.1 cells were treated with micromolar concentrations of trimethylamine N-oxide and 4-phenylbutyric acid, a chemical chaperon, for different time intervals. Tunicamycin was also used as a control for induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. RESULTS: Similar to tunicamycin, trimethylamine N-oxide increased scavenger receptor A1 in all treatment periods, whereas ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 was only reduced 24 h post-treatment with trimethylamine N-oxide at both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, 4-phenylbutyric acid failed to induce such changes in either scavenger receptor A1 or ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study, in agreement with previous studies, confirm the mechanistic role of trimethylamine N-oxide in the upregulation of scavenger receptor A1, which potentially can promote its proatherogenic role. The results also showed downregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in trimethylamine N-oxide treated macrophages which may indicate another possible proatherosclerotic mechanism for foam cell formation

Expression levels of heat shock protein 60 and glucose-regulated protein 78 in response to trimethylamine-N-oxide treatment in murine macrophage J774A.1 cell line

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a common metabolite in animals and humans, can induce changes in the expression or conformation of heat shock proteins. It has also been introduced as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and a biomarker for kidney problems. On the other hand, increased levels of heat shock proteins 60 and 70 KDa are associated with increased atherosclerosis risk. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the possible effect(s) of TMAO on the expression of HSP60 and GRP78 at the mRNA and protein levels. Murine macrophage J774A.1 cells were treated with micromolar concentrations of TMAO and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a chemical chaperon, for different time intervals. Tunicamycin was also used as a control for induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Tunicamycin greatly increased both mRNA and protein levels of GRP78. Similarly but to a lesser extent compared to tunicamycin, TMAO also increased mRNA and protein levels of GRP78 in a dose and time-dependent manner. In contrast, 4-PBA failed to induce any changes. Similar to GRP78, HSP60 was also increased only at mRNA level in TMAO treated cells. 4-PBA also increased HSP60 mRNA levels, whereas, tunicamycin did not show any effect on either protein or mRNA levels of HSP60. Since both heat shock proteins are stress inducible and the elevation of GRP78 is a hallmark for endoplasmic reticulum stress induction, it can be concluded that TMAO may induce endoplasmic reticulum stress or may act through elevation of these heat shock proteins

A guided tour in metasurface land: Discontinuity conditions, design and applications

The paper presents an overview of the recent research on metasurfaces performed in the author's group. This covers the introduction of bianistropic Sheet Transition Conditions (STCs), the subsequent elaboration of a general synthesis technique based on surface susceptibility tensors, the complementary elaboration of Finite Difference (FD) and Finite Element (FE) computational schemes for analysis, and, based upon this solid foundation, the development of a host of novel applications across the whole microwave to optical range of the electromagnetic spectrum.</p