Оцінка впливу ретранслятора на показники роботи LTE стільника

Problem definition. Information technologies are constantly evolving. This process leads to an annual traffic increasing. Also requirements to infocommunication nerworks are increasing too. It stimulates the development of new technologies that will be able to satisfy the growing needs of users. At the present stage of evolution of world telecommunication technologies in mobile communications development and implementation of the fourth generation standard (4G) networks are relevant. This type of networks provides a higher data rate and high quality of service with an overall decrease in operating costs of telecommunications equipment. One of the most relevant technologies is Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is the development of the third generation UMTS networks. Now there is a standard of 3GPP - LTE-Advanced, which is an improvement of LTE and the official wireless communications standard of the 4th generation. Relay Nodes has appeared in LTE-Advanced networks for more effective scheduling. Relay catches the signal from a Mobile Station, amplifies it and transmit it further to a Base Station. Selecting the optimal location of relay. In this paper we consider one LTE cell and one repeater type I (in-band, half-duplex). For this type of relay we calculate the best position of installation. The calculated value of the cell radius is 400 m for densely populated city. The type of division duplex is TDD, the frame configuration is 2, the width of the frequency band is 10 MHz. To calculate the cell radius COST231 Hata s 3GPP TS 25.996 v9.0.0 model for urban macro network is used. Scheduling scheme uses an algorithm Fair Work Conserving (FWC). FWC relates to such type of algorithms that operate on a resource allocation equally between the users. Users connect to the network at the speed of λ, which may be various. Estimation of the LTE relay influence on the cell. From these simulation results, we can conclude that the larger amount of resource blocks allocated to the subscriber leads to a smaller distance between the Base Station and Relay Node. Also the influence of the Relay Node on the overall throughput of the cell is investigated. Using Relay Node can increase Uplink cell capacity to 10%. The obtained results can be used for LTE network planning.Проанализированы особенности технологии LTE-Advanced, которая для более эффективного планирования ресурсов включает ретрансляторы. На основе моделирования для соты выбрано оптимальное значение расстояния между ретранслятором и базовой станцией LTE в зависимости от количества ресурсных блоков. Проведены исследования относительно влияния ретранслятора на общую пропускную способность соты в канале Uplink.Проведено аналіз особливостей технології LTE-Advanced, яка для більш ефективного планування містить в собі ретранслятори. На основі моделювання для стільника обрано оптимальне значення відстані між ретранслятором та базовою станцією LTE залежно від кількості ресурсних блоків. Проведено дослідження щодо впливу ретранслятора на загальну пропускну здатність стільника у Uplink напрямку

Estimation of the LTE relay influence on the cell

Проведено аналіз особливостей технології LTE-Advanced, яка для більш ефективного планування містить в собі ретранслятори. На основі моделювання для стільника обрано оптимальне значення відстані між ретранслятором та базовою станцією LTE залежно від кількості ресурсних блоків. Проведено дослідження щодо впливу ретранслятора на загальну пропускну здатність стільника у Uplink напрямку.Problem definition. Information technologies are constantly evolving. This process leads to an annual traffic increasing. Also requirements to infocommunication nerworks are in-creasing too. It stimulates the development of new technologies that will be able to satisfy the growing needs of users. At the present stage of evolution of world telecommunication technologies in mobile communications development and implementation of the fourth generation standard (4G) networks are relevant. This type of networks provides a higher data rate and high quality of service with an overall decrease in operating costs of telecommunications equipment. One of the most relevant technologies is Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is the development of the third generation UMTS networks. Now there is a standard of 3GPP- LTE-Advanced, which is an improvement of LTE and the official wireless communications standard of the 4th generation. Relay Nodes has appeared in LTE-Advanced networks for more effective scheduling. Relay catches the signal from a Mobile Station, amplifies it and transmit it further to a Base Station. Selecting the optimal location of relay. In this paper we consider one LTE cell and one repeater type I (in-band, half-duplex). For this type of relay we calculate the best position of installation. The calculated value of the cell radius is 400 m for densely populated city. The type of division duplex is TDD, the frame configuration is 2, the width of the frequency band is 10 MHz. To calculate the cell radius COST231 Hata s 3GPP TS 25.996 v9.0.0 model for urban macro network is used. Scheduling scheme uses an algorithm Fair Work Conserving (FWC). FWC relates to such type of algorithms that operate on a resource allocation equally between the users. Users connect to the network at the speed of λ, which may be various. Estimation of the LTE relay influence on the cell. From these simulation results, we can conclude that the larger amount of resource blocks allocated to the subscriber leads to a smaller distance between the Base Station and Relay Node. Also the influence of the Relay Node on the overall throughput of the cell is investigated. Using Relay Node can increase Uplink cell capacity to 10%. The obtained results can be used for LTE network planning.Проанализированы особенности технологии LTE-Advanced, которая для более эффективного планирования ресурсов включает ретрансляторы. На основе моделирования для соты выбрано оптимальное значение расстояния между ретранслятором и базовой станцией LTE в зависимости от количества ресурсных блоков. Проведены исследования относительно влияния ретранслятора на общую пропускную способность соты в канале Uplink

3D time series analysis of cell shape using Laplacian approaches

Background: Fundamental cellular processes such as cell movement, division or food uptake critically depend on cells being able to change shape. Fast acquisition of three-dimensional image time series has now become possible, but we lack efficient tools for analysing shape deformations in order to understand the real three-dimensional nature of shape changes. Results: We present a framework for 3D+time cell shape analysis. The main contribution is three-fold: First, we develop a fast, automatic random walker method for cell segmentation. Second, a novel topology fixing method is proposed to fix segmented binary volumes without spherical topology. Third, we show that algorithms used for each individual step of the analysis pipeline (cell segmentation, topology fixing, spherical parameterization, and shape representation) are closely related to the Laplacian operator. The framework is applied to the shape analysis of neutrophil cells. Conclusions: The method we propose for cell segmentation is faster than the traditional random walker method or the level set method, and performs better on 3D time-series of neutrophil cells, which are comparatively noisy as stacks have to be acquired fast enough to account for cell motion. Our method for topology fixing outperforms the tools provided by SPHARM-MAT and SPHARM-PDM in terms of their successful fixing rates. The different tasks in the presented pipeline for 3D+time shape analysis of cells can be solved using Laplacian approaches, opening the possibility of eventually combining individual steps in order to speed up computations

Partial Volume Segmentation of Brain MRI Scans of any Resolution and Contrast

Partial voluming (PV) is arguably the last crucial unsolved problem in Bayesian segmentation of brain MRI with probabilistic atlases. PV occurs when voxels contain multiple tissue classes, giving rise to image intensities that may not be representative of any one of the underlying classes. PV is particularly problematic for segmentation when there is a large resolution gap between the atlas and the test scan, e.g., when segmenting clinical scans with thick slices, or when using a high-resolution atlas. In this work, we present PV-SynthSeg, a convolutional neural network (CNN) that tackles this problem by directly learning a mapping between (possibly multi-modal) low resolution (LR) scans and underlying high resolution (HR) segmentations. PV-SynthSeg simulates LR images from HR label maps with a generative model of PV, and can be trained to segment scans of any desired target contrast and resolution, even for previously unseen modalities where neither images nor segmentations are available at training. PV-SynthSeg does not require any preprocessing, and runs in seconds. We demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of the method with extensive experiments on three datasets and 2,680 scans. The code is available at https://github.com/BBillot/SynthSeg.Comment: accepted for MICCAI 202

Gebiss: an ImageJ plugin for the specification of ground truth and the performance evaluation of 3D segmentation algorithms.

Background: Image segmentation is a crucial step in quantitative microscopy that helps to define regions of tissues, cells or subcellular compartments. Depending on the degree of user interactions, segmentation methods can be divided into manual, automated or semi-automated approaches. 3D image stacks usually require automated methods due to their large number of optical sections. However, certain applications benefit from manual or semi-automated approaches. Scenarios include the quantification of 3D images with poor signal-to-noise ratios or the generation of so-called ground truth segmentations that are used to evaluate the accuracy of automated segmentation methods. Results: We have developed Gebiss; an ImageJ plugin for the interactive segmentation, visualisation and quantification of 3D microscopic image stacks. We integrated a variety of existing plugins for threshold-based segmentation and volume visualisation. Conclusions: We demonstrate the application of Gebiss to the segmentation of nuclei in live Drosophila embryos and the quantification of neurodegeneration in Drosophila larval brains. Gebiss was developed as a cross-platform ImageJ plugin and is freely available on the web at http://imaging.bii.a-star.edu.sg/projects/gebiss

Illusions of Visual Motion Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of Human MT Complex

Human cortical area MT+ (hMT+) is known to respond to visual motion stimuli, but its causal role in the conscious experience of motion remains largely unexplored. Studies in non-human primates demonstrate that altering activity in area MT can influence motion perception judgments, but animal studies are inherently limited in assessing subjective conscious experience. In the current study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG), and electrical brain stimulation (EBS) in three patients implanted with intracranial electrodes to address the role of area hMT+ in conscious visual motion perception. We show that in conscious human subjects, reproducible illusory motion can be elicited by electrical stimulation of hMT+. These visual motion percepts only occurred when the site of stimulation overlapped directly with the region of the brain that had increased fMRI and electrophysiological activity during moving compared to static visual stimuli in the same individual subjects. Electrical stimulation in neighboring regions failed to produce illusory motion. Our study provides evidence for the sufficient causal link between the hMT+ network and the human conscious experience of visual motion. It also suggests a clear spatial relationship between fMRI signal and ECoG activity in the human brain

A missense mutation in Katnal1 underlies behavioural, neurological and ciliary anomalies

Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in central nervous system (CNS) function. Recent studies reporting that microdeletions incorporating the KATNAL1 locus in humans result in intellectual disability and microcephaly suggest that KATNAL1 may play a prominent role in the CNS; however, such associations lack the functional data required to highlight potential mechanisms which link the gene to disease symptoms. Here we identify and characterise a mouse line carrying a loss of function allele in Katnal1. We show that mutants express behavioural deficits including in circadian rhythms, sleep, anxiety and learning/memory. Furthermore, in the brains of Katnal1 mutant mice we reveal numerous morphological abnormalities and defects in neuronal migration and morphology. Furthermore we demonstrate defects in the motile cilia of the ventricular ependymal cells of mutants, suggesting a role for Katnal1 in the development of ciliary function. We believe the data we present here are the first to associate KATNAL1 with such phenotypes, demonstrating that the protein plays keys roles in a number of processes integral to the development of neuronal function and behaviour.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 4 April 2017; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.54

The Digital Fish Library: Using MRI to Digitize, Database, and Document the Morphological Diversity of Fish

Museum fish collections possess a wealth of anatomical and morphological data that are essential for documenting and understanding biodiversity. Obtaining access to specimens for research, however, is not always practical and frequently conflicts with the need to maintain the physical integrity of specimens and the collection as a whole. Non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) digital imaging therefore serves a critical role in facilitating the digitization of these specimens for anatomical and morphological analysis as well as facilitating an efficient method for online storage and sharing of this imaging data. Here we describe the development of the Digital Fish Library (DFL, http://www.digitalfishlibrary.org), an online digital archive of high-resolution, high-contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the soft tissue anatomy of an array of fishes preserved in the Marine Vertebrate Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. We have imaged and uploaded MRI data for over 300 marine and freshwater species, developed a data archival and retrieval system with a web-based image analysis and visualization tool, and integrated these into the public DFL website to disseminate data and associated metadata freely over the web. We show that MRI is a rapid and powerful method for accurately depicting the in-situ soft-tissue anatomy of preserved fishes in sufficient detail for large-scale comparative digital morphology. However these 3D volumetric data require a sophisticated computational and archival infrastructure in order to be broadly accessible to researchers and educators