Traducción y adaptación transcultural del Test of Infant Motor Performance al español de Colombia

17 páginasIntroduction: There has been growing interest in recent years in the cross-cultural adaptation of mea-suring instruments for various conditions treated by physiotherapy. Validation of an instrument within a target language and culture creates a final version that is conceptually and linguistically adapted to the context but remains valid and reliable. This paper describes the process of translation and cross-cul-tural adaptation of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (timp) from us English to Colombian Spanish. This was performed in accordance with international methodological guidelines. Materials and meth-ods: A group of trained translators and field experts participated in the five stages presented herein. These stages were translation and adaptation of the instrument to Colombian Spanish, validation of its content and appearance, back-translation, revision by the original author, and, finally, a pilot test.Results: The existence of two intralingual translated and revised versions of this instrument led to a more appropriate preliminary version from conceptual, discursive, and terminological perspectives. Therefore, the adjustments made in the first stage were primarily semantic. During the second stage, field experts positively assessed the translated version and suggested adjustments to grammar, spell-ing, and word choices. There were no significant discursive problems during the back-translation stage so conceptual and terminological adjustments were minor. The revision stage and the pilot test were satisfactory. Conclusion: This translation and cross-cultural adaptation was successful. The Colombian Spanish version of the measure was culturally relevant and used appropriate language, yet remained a valid and reliable tool.Introducción: la adaptación transcultural de distintos instrumentos de medición y para diferentes tipos de condiciones en el campo de la fisioterapia ha sido un tema de interés en los últimos años. La validación lingüística de un instrumento a una lengua y cultura meta implica que la versión final es adaptada conceptual y lingüísticamente al contexto meta. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural al español de Colombia del Test of Infant Motor Performace (TIMP) siguiendo los lineamientos metodológicos internacionales. Materiales y método: se conformó un grupo de traductores calificados y de expertos que participaron en cinco fases: traducción y adaptación al español de Colombia, validez de contenido y apariencia, retrotraducción, revisión por autora original y prueba piloto. Resultados: la posibilidad de contar con dos versiones intralinguales revisadas llevó a una versión preliminar más adecuada desde las perspectivas conceptual, discursiva y terminológica. Por lo tanto, los ajustes en esta fase se realizaron principalmente desde una perspectiva semántica. En cuanto a la segunda fase, los expertos validaron positivamente dicha versión y sugirieron cambiar algunas palabras y cuestiones ortográficas. La fase de retrotraducción y la validación no presentaron problemas discursivos, así que las adecuaciones conceptuales y terminológicas fueron mínimas. La fase de revisión y la prueba piloto fueron satisfactorias. Conclusión: este proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural fue exitoso. La versión al español de Colombia fue apropiada culturalmente, además de ser una herramienta válida y confiable

Both Lymantria dispar Nucleopolyhedrovirus Enhancin Genes Contribute to Viral Potency

Enhancins are a group of proteins first identified in granuloviruses (GV) that have the ability to enhance nuclear polyhedrosis virus potency. We had previously identified an enhancin gene (E1) in the Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) (D. S. Bischoff and J. M. Slavicek, J. Virol. 71:8133–8140, 1997). Inactivation of the E1 gene product within the viral genome lowered viral potency by an average of 2.9-fold. A second enhancin gene (E2) was identified when the entire genome of LdMNPV was sequenced (Kuzio et al., Virology 253:17–34, 1999). The E2 protein exhibits approximately 30% amino acid identity to the LdMNPV E1 protein as well as the enhancins from Trichoplusia ni GV, Pseudaletia unipuncta GV, Helicoverpa armigera GV, and Xestia c-nigrum GV. Northern analysis of viral RNA indicated that the E2 gene transcripts are expressed at late times postinfection from a consensus baculovirus late promoter. The effect of the enhancin proteins on viral potency was investigated through bioassay using two recombinant viruses, one with a deletion in the E2 gene (E2del) and a second with deletion mutations in both enhancin genes (E1delE2del). The enhancin gene viral constructs were verified by Southern analysis and shown not to produce enhancin gene transcripts by Northern analysis. The E2del virus exhibited an average decrease in viral potency of 1.8-fold compared to wild-type virus. In the same bioassays, the recombinant virus E1cat, which does not produce an E1 gene transcript, exhibited an average decrease in viral potency of 2.3-fold compared to control virus. The E1delE2del virus exhibited an average decrease in viral potency of 12-fold compared to wild-type virus. Collectively, these results suggest that both LdMNPV enhancin genes contribute to viral potency, that each enhancin protein can partially compensate for the lack of the other protein, and that both enhancin genes are necessary for wild-type viral potency

Expression of Two Novel β-Glucosidases from Chaetomium atrobrunneum in Trichoderma reesei and Characterization of the Heterologous Protein Products

Two novel GH3 family thermostable β-glucosidases from the filamentous fungus Chaetomium atrobrunneum (CEL3a and CEL3b) were expressed in Trichoderma reesei, purified by two-step ion exchange chromatography, and characterized. Both enzymes were active over a wide range of pH as compared to Neurospora crassa β-glucosidase GH3-3, which was also expressed in T. reesei and purified. The optimum temperature of both C. atrobrunneum enzymes was around 60 °C at pH 5, and both enzymes had better thermal and pH stability and higher resistance to metallic compounds and to glucose inhibition than GH3-3. They also showed higher activity against oligosaccharides composed of glucose units and linked with β-1,4-glycosidic bonds and moreover, had higher affinity for cellotriose over cellobiose. In hydrolysis tests against Avicel cellulose and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse, performed at 45 °C, particularly the CEL3a enzyme performed similarly to N. crassa GH3-3 β-glucosidase. Taking into account the thermal stability of the C. atrobrunneum β-glucosidases, they both represent promising alternatives as enzyme mixture components for improved cellulose saccharification at elevated temperatures