Complex ecological-economical systems: Problems of study (economical aspect)

Economical mechanism of the regional land use has been studied as a basis of sustainable development. System of payment for the natural resources considered as a base of it. These payments reflect the diversity of economical forms of property rights by the subjects of the Russian Federation to the natural resources. Rent can serve as a basis for forming the rates of payments, as in the market economy the price for the natural resources is the capitalised rent. It is stated that the payment for the natural resources is the economical form of treatment, which has been pooling together during the process of their owing, using and ordering between their owners and users. The region appropriate the rent, as it is the owner of the bowels of the earth, and in some cases the land rent or the tax on it (under the presence of the private property to the land). The interconnection of such notions as economical growth, land use and protection of the environment has been proofed. The common goals and specific tasks of coming to a cooperative decision has been put, which are necessary for the land use

Notion of territorial system's structure and some approaches to their modeling

Development, forming and functioning of the territorial systems of each level of hierarchy and form are complicated and durable processes. The notion of stability occupies the central place and connects with the presence in territorial system some unchangeable invariant, which serves as a starting point of stability. As an example of such invariant (the base carrier of invariant on time characteristics) the usage of structural sistem is proposed. Assignment of territorial system's structure as a function carrier and simultaneous as an invariant in time permits to state the question of the system management by influence on the structure. Ability of the structure for improvement mainly determines peculiarities of the territorial system's behavior and possibilities of their management. Proposed approach permits to use for modeling structure (general and special) multitude theory, which in one tern gives the possibility to determine the corresponding models and modeling structures, pick up special structures in accordance to their inner condition, use their different combinations as multitude of relations and multitude of operations as a base for the modeling structures, etc

Геопространственное распределение госпитальных ресурсов в региональных травматологических системах (обзор зарубежной литературы)

The review presents the results of foreign studies related to geospatial analysis and modeling of the distribution of trauma centers and helicopter emergency medical services in developed regional trauma systems. The optimal number and geographical location of the trauma centers in the region is determined taking into account the timing of the delivery of victims to the trauma centers of a high level, population density, hospitalization of patients with severe trauma, and the frequency of inter-hospital transfers. The distribution of hospital resources of the trauma system should be based on the needs of the population, and vary depending on the geographical and social characteristics of the region. В обзоре представлены результаты зарубежных исследований, касающихся геопространственного анализа и моделирования распределения травмоцентров и вертолетных баз скорой медицинской помощи в развитых региональных травматологических системах. Оптимальное количество и географическое расположение травмоцентров в регионе определяется с учетом сроков доставки пострадавших в травмоцентры высокого уровня, плотности населения, объема госпитализаций пациентов с тяжелой травмой, частоты межбольничных переводов. Распределение госпитальных ресурсов травматологической системы должно основываться на потребностях населения, варьировать в зависимости от географических и социальных особенностей региона.

ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА И ОПАСНОСТИ РАННЕГО ОСТЕОСИНТЕЗА БЕДРЕННОЙ КОСТИ ПРИ ПОЛИТРАВМЕ С ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯМИ ГРУДИ

The review presents the results of experimental and clinical studies of the effect of early osteosynthesis in the femoral fracture on the development of systemic complications and the outcome of polytrauma with chest injuries. We explored the role of combination of thoracic injuries with a fracture of the femur, as well as its intramedullary osteosynthesis in the mechanisms of local and systemic inflammatory reaction formation, coagulopathy, fatty embolism and pulmonary embolism, respiratory failure. The concepts of “immediate total care” and “orthopedic damage control” are described with reference to fractures of the femur, combined with a chest trauma. The criteria for the relative safety of osteosynthesis of the femur in polytrauma with thoracic injuries are given.В обзоре представлены результаты экспериментальных и клинических исследований влияния раннего остеосинтеза при переломе бедренной кости на развитие системных осложнений и исхода политравмы с повреждениями груди. Рассмотрена роль сочетания торакальных повреждений с переломом бедренной кости, а также ее интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза в механизмах формирования местной и системной воспалительной реакции, коагулопатии, жировой и тромбоэмболии в легких, дыхательной недостаточности. Изложены концепции «немедленной тотальной помощи», «контроля ортопедических повреждений» применительно к переломам бедренной кости, сочетанных с травмой груди. Приведены критерии относительной безопасности выполнения окончательного остеосинтеза бедренной кости при политравме с торакальными повреждениям

Пространственно-временная неоднородность снежной толщи по данным пенетрометра SnowMicroPen

Te paper presents the results of studies aimed at investigation of the spatial and temporal variability of snow coverstructure on the basis of strength values and its variations obtained by means of the high-resolution penetrometer SnowMicroPen. Te possibilities of fast and independent from the observer identifcation of layers (including identifcation of weakened, potentially avalanche-dangerous layers) were estimated under the climatic conditions of Moscow and the Khibiny mountains. Horizontal areas with homogeneous underlying surface and vegetation were selected for the stratigraphic studies that made it possible to avoid a possible influence of slope relief and exposure from the obtained data on the spatial and temporal variability of the snow depth structure. Te analysis of the information obtained in winter seasons 2014/15 and 2016/17 allowed constructing detailed schemes of the snow cover evolution at the Moscow site as well as assessing the inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability of its structure. Afer the SnowMicroPen data were recorded in the course of the feld works carried out in winter 2015/16 on the Khibiny educational and scientifc base of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (city of Kirovsk), the 10-meter trench on the same profle was described in details, and direct data on the snow cover structure were obtained. Te strength values resulted from the above studies characterize the layers composed of crystals of various shapes and sizes, and they are considered as the frst step to methodology of operational defnition of the spatially-inhomogeneous stratigraphy and stability of snowpack without snowpit observations. Te data analysis showed high spatial and temporal variability of the structure and properties of snow cover even at a homogeneous area, usually described by a single snowpit.Представлены результаты исследований снежной толщи, полученные на двух полигонах в Москве и Хибинах. Исследована пространственная неоднородность снежной толщи и её изменения в течение зимнего сезона. Прочность снега определяли с помощью пенетрометра высокого разрешения SnowMicroPen. Построены и проанализированы схемы развития снежной толщи и её пространственная изменчивость

Performance of the E715 Transition Radiation Detector

The transition radiation detector (TRD) consisted of 12 identical modules, each containing a radiator and a multiwire proportional counter (MWPC). A TRD is found to be an effective device for the identification of electrons in a large hadron background at Tevatron energies. The TRD proved to be a stable and reliable device with performance parameters in close agreement with theoretical predictions. The combination of a TRD with a lead glass calorimeter proved to be a very powerful method of electron identification. (LEW

Elliptic flow from two- and four-particle correlations in Au + Au collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV

Elliptic flow holds much promise for studying the early-time thermalization attained in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Flow measurements also provide a means of distinguishing between hydrodynamic models and calculations which approach the low density (dilute gas) limit. Among the effects that can complicate the interpretation of elliptic flow measurements are azimuthal correlations that are unrelated to the reaction plane (non-flow correlations). Using data for Au + Au collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV from the STAR TPC, it is found that four-particle correlation analyses can reliably separate flow and non-flow correlation signals. The latter account for on average about 15% of the observed second-harmonic azimuthal correlation, with the largest relative contribution for the most peripheral and the most central collisions. The results are also corrected for the effect of flow variations within centrality bins. This effect is negligible for all but the most central bin, where the correction to the elliptic flow is about a factor of two. A simple new method for two-particle flow analysis based on scalar products is described. An analysis based on the distribution of the magnitude of the flow vector is also described.Comment: minor text change

Rapidity and centrality dependence of proton and antiproton production from 197Au + 197Au collisions at √SNN = 130 GeV

We report on the rapidity and centrality dependence of proton and antiproton transverse mass distributions from 197Au + 197Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV as measured by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Our results are from the rapidity and transverse momentum range of |y| <0.5 and 0.35< pt <1.00 GeV/c . For both protons and antiprotons, transverse mass distributions become more convex from peripheral to central collisions demonstrating characteristics of collective expansion. The measured rapidity distributions and the mean transverse momenta versus rapidity are flat within |y| <0.5 . Comparisons of our data with results from model calculations indicate that in order to obtain a consistent picture of the proton (antiproton) yields and transverse mass distributions the possibility of prehadronic collective expansion may have to be taken into account

Transverse momentum and collision energy dependence of high pTp_{T} hadron suppression in Au+Au collisions at ultrarelativistic energies

We report high statistics measurements of inclusive charged hadron production in Au+Au and p+p collisions at \sqrtsNN=200 GeV. A large, approximately constant hadron suppression is observed in central Au+Au collisions for 5\lt\pT\lt12 GeV/c. The collision energy dependence of the yields and the centrality and \pT dependence of the suppression provide stringent constraints on theoretical models of suppression. Models incorporating initial-state gluon saturation or partonic energy loss in dense matter are largely consistent with observations. We observe no evidence of \pT-dependent suppression, which may be expected from models incorporating jet attentuation in cold nuclear matter or scattering of fragmentation hadrons.Comment: Final journal version. Data tables for figures may be downloaded from the STAR home page: http://www.star.bnl.gov --> Publications --> Access to STAR published dat