Comparison between Optimal Minimization of Total Harmonic Distortion and Harmonic Elimination with Voltage Control candidates for Multilevel Inverters

This paper is devoted to the comparative evaluation of the two modulation strategies developed for multilevel inverters control: the harmonic elimination technique with voltage control (OHSW) and the optimal minimization of the total harmonic distortion method (OMTHD), which are a very important and efficient strategies of eliminating selected harmonics from spectrum of the output voltage or minimizing its total harmonic distortion in order to improve its quality. First, we describe briefly the basic idea and concept of each technique. Then, we present a study of the performances of each one by the means of a comparison between them. Simulation has also been presented to establish the effectiveness of the proposed analysis. Finally, we conclude with scope of further work

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a retrospective study of 8 cases

International audienceBACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with diverse glomerular diseases. Characteristics of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in this setting have been little studied, and the specific features of this uncommon association remain to be determined. METHODS: We conduct a retrospective study. Clinical, biological and pathological characteristics of patients with MCNS and HIV infection were assessed. We evaluated HIV infection by in situ hybridization and CMIP expression by immunochemistry on kidney biopsies and compared it to HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and idiopathic MCNS. RESULTS: Eight patients were identifies. In all but one of these cases, MCNS occurred after HIV diagnosis (mean of 9.5 years). Acute kidney injury was detected in three cases. Mean CD4(+) lymphocyte count was 733/mm(3) and three patients had a detectable HIV viral load. In situ hybridization for HIV-1 RNA detection yielded a positive signal in a few tubular cells in the renal parenchyma in two of four patients with HIV infection associated with MCNS. Podocytes of these patients presented strong positive immunostaining for CMIP (4/4). Three patients suffered steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, and another two patients had at least one relapse. Rituximab treatment was initiated in four cases. After a median follow-up of 20 months, all patients were in remission (complete in 5 cases). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MCNS occurring in a context of HIV infection, podocyte injury seems to be associated with CMIP induction rather than renal HIV infection but further studies are needed to determine the molecular link between these two conditions