494 research outputs found
On Byzantine Broadcast in Loosely Connected Networks
We consider the problem of reliably broadcasting information in a multihop
asynchronous network that is subject to Byzantine failures. Most existing
approaches give conditions for perfect reliable broadcast (all correct nodes
deliver the authentic message and nothing else), but they require a highly
connected network. An approach giving only probabilistic guarantees (correct
nodes deliver the authentic message with high probability) was recently
proposed for loosely connected networks, such as grids and tori. Yet, the
proposed solution requires a specific initialization (that includes global
knowledge) of each node, which may be difficult or impossible to guarantee in
self-organizing networks - for instance, a wireless sensor network, especially
if they are prone to Byzantine failures. In this paper, we propose a new
protocol offering guarantees for loosely connected networks that does not
require such global knowledge dependent initialization. In more details, we
give a methodology to determine whether a set of nodes will always deliver the
authentic message, in any execution. Then, we give conditions for perfect
reliable broadcast in a torus network. Finally, we provide experimental
evaluation for our solution, and determine the number of randomly distributed
Byzantine failures than can be tolerated, for a given correct broadcast
probability.Comment: 1
A Scalable Byzantine Grid
Modern networks assemble an ever growing number of nodes. However, it remains
difficult to increase the number of channels per node, thus the maximal degree
of the network may be bounded. This is typically the case in grid topology
networks, where each node has at most four neighbors. In this paper, we address
the following issue: if each node is likely to fail in an unpredictable manner,
how can we preserve some global reliability guarantees when the number of nodes
keeps increasing unboundedly ? To be more specific, we consider the problem or
reliably broadcasting information on an asynchronous grid in the presence of
Byzantine failures -- that is, some nodes may have an arbitrary and potentially
malicious behavior. Our requirement is that a constant fraction of correct
nodes remain able to achieve reliable communication. Existing solutions can
only tolerate a fixed number of Byzantine failures if they adopt a worst-case
placement scheme. Besides, if we assume a constant Byzantine ratio (each node
has the same probability to be Byzantine), the probability to have a fatal
placement approaches 1 when the number of nodes increases, and reliability
guarantees collapse. In this paper, we propose the first broadcast protocol
that overcomes these difficulties. First, the number of Byzantine failures that
can be tolerated (if they adopt the worst-case placement) now increases with
the number of nodes. Second, we are able to tolerate a constant Byzantine
ratio, however large the grid may be. In other words, the grid becomes
scalable. This result has important security applications in ultra-large
networks, where each node has a given probability to misbehave.Comment: 17 page
OVERVIEW OF TICK-ASSOCIATED RICKETTSIALES BACTERIA IN JAPAN
Rickettsiales bacteria are obligatory intracellular parasites in vertebrates and/or invertebrates, and some cause severe febrile illness in humans as well as livestock. In Japan, "Rickettsia japonica" and "Orientia tsutsugamushi" are well known as causative agents for "Japanese spotted fever" transmitted by ticks and. "Tsutsugamushi disease" transmitted by mites, respectively. In recent years, many researchers have reported the presence of several tick-associated. Rickettsiales bacteria in Japan, mostly by molecular-based analyses. Some of these might be public health or veterinary significance. Such. Rickettsiales bacteria include spotted fever group rickettsiae other than R. japonica, Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and. Neoehrlichia sp. We will summarize and. introduce the representatives of these Rickettsiales bacteria present in Japan
Measurement of a small atmospheric ratio
From an exposure of 25.5~kiloton-years of the Super-Kamiokande detector, 900
muon-like and 983 electron-like single-ring atmospheric neutrino interactions
were detected with momentum MeV/, MeV/, and
with visible energy less than 1.33 GeV. Using a detailed Monte Carlo
simulation, the ratio was measured to be , consistent with previous results from the
Kamiokande, IMB and Soudan-2 experiments, and smaller than expected from
theoretical models of atmospheric neutrino production.Comment: 14 pages with 5 figure
Self-Stabilizing Byzantine Asynchronous Unison
We explore asynchronous unison in the presence of systemic transient and
permanent Byzantine faults in shared memory. We observe that the problem is not
solvable under less than strongly fair scheduler or for system topologies with
maximum node degree greater than two. We present a self-stabilizing
Byzantine-tolerant solution to asynchronous unison for chain and ring
topologies. Our algorithm has minimum possible containment radius and optimal
stabilization time
Measurement of Time-Dependent CP-Violating Asymmetries in B0 --> phi Ks0, K+ K- Ks0, and eta' Ks0 Decays
We present an improved measurement of CP-violation parameters in B0 --> phi
Ks0, K+ K- Ks0, and eta' Ks0 decays based on a 140 fb-1 data sample collected
at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB
energy-asymmetric e+e- collider. One neutral B meson is fully reconstructed in
one of the specified decay channels, and the flavor of the accompanying B meson
is identified from its decay products. CP-violation parameters for each of the
three modes are obtained from the asymmetries in the distributions of the
proper-time intervals between the two B decays. We find that the observed CP
asymmetry in the B0 --> phi Ks0 decay differs from the standard model (SM)
expectation by 3.5 standard deviations, while the other cases are consistent
with the SM.Comment: 10 pages, 4 postscript figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters,
also contributed to the XXI International Symposium on Lepton and Photon
Interactions at High Energies, Aug 11-16, 2003, Fermilab, Illinois US
Measurements of the resonance properties
We report measurements of the properties of the and
resonances produced in continuum annihilation near
. The analysis is based on an data sample collected %at and 60 MeV below the
resonance with with the Belle detector at KEKB. We determine the masses to be
and . We observe the radiative decay mode
and the dipion decay mode , and determine their branching fractions. No corresponding
decays are observed for the state. These results are consistent
with the spin-parity assignments of for the and for
the .Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures; Added content, updated and paper submitted to PR
Observation of
We report the first observation of the flavor-changing neutral current decay
and an improved measurement of the decay , where represents an electron or a muon, with a data
sample of 140 fb accumulated at the resonance with the
Belle detector at KEKB. The results for the branching fractions are and
, where the first error is statistical, the second is systematic and
the third is from model dependence.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PR
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