The role of caspases in Parkinson’s Disease pathogenesis: a brief look at the mitochondrial pathway

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by tremor, rigidity, Bradykinesia and reduced facial expression. Development of PD is considered to be the result of deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is due to death of Dopamine-Containing Neurons (DCNs) that produce dopamine in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra. Although the concentrated efforts of the scientific community over the last decades, the etiology of the death of DCN is yet to be understood. Oxidative stress has been considered as one of the causes of defects in the mitochondria leading to the dopaminergic cell damage [1]. Levodopa therapy is a well-known treatment for the symptoms of PD, however long term use of L-dopa causes side effects including further enhancement of oxidative stress [2]. The elevated levels of Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl ions, induce stimulation to the Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP) of the mitochondria leading to the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome C. Furthermore, increased ROS activity promote nitric oxide binding to superoxide producing peroxynitrate enhancing oxidative and nitrosative stress, which results in DNA damage, chromosomal mutations, lipid peroxidation and enzyme defects [3]. Mutation of E3 ligase caused by peroxynitrate damage leads to impairment of ubiquitin-proteasome system, resulting in high levels of defective proteins, which accumulate in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) promoting ER stress and ultimately cell death. Moreover, the apoptotic neuron triggers injury signals that activate microglia and promote release of cytokines such as interleukins-6 and -8. Subsequently, interleukins trigger Caspase activation along with inducible NO synthase, which further elevates formation of nitric oxide. Exposure to excessive reactive nitrite species along with enhanced production of ROS and peroxynitrate lead to dysfunction of complex-IV and complex-I activities of the mitochondria and promote mitochondrialmediated apoptosis through Caspase activation [4,5]

Audit dan Transparansi Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah Kabupaten Kutai Barat

The financial statements are drawn up Upon Kutai Barat Regency is a structured report regarding the financial position and the transactions carried out by an entity reporting. Financial reporting is useful to present useful information for decision making and to show accountability and reporting entities.The formulation of the issue as to whether the financial statements are presented already meets Government accounting standards (SAP). Whether the financial statements are presented by a local government in Kutai Barat in Recommend Reasonable Without Exception (WTP).The theoretical foundations of financial accounting focus on financial statements presented meets Government accounting standards (SAP). Financial report on local government by the Kutai Barat serve in Recommend Reasonable Without Exception (WTP).As for the Hypothesis presented the financial report presented do not meet Government accounting standards (SAP). Financial reporting by local government serve in Kutai Barat in Recommend Reasonable with the exception of (WDP). that measurement, presentation and reporting in the Government of Kutai Barat Regency, has presented reasonably.The research results showed that the financial statements adequately disclosed, there was no disobedience influential direct and material. Measurement, presentation and reporting as well as control served yet reasonable and do not meet Government accounting standards (SAP). Thus this research hypothesis is accepted

A New CG-Algorithm with Self-Scaling VM-Update for Unconstraint Optimization

In this paper, a new combined extended Conjugate-Gradient (CG) and Variable-Metric (VM) methods is proposed for solving unconstrained large-scale numerical optimization problems. The basic idea is to choose a combination of the current gradient and some pervious search directions as a new search direction updated by Al-Bayati\u27s SCVM-method to fit a new step-size parameter using Armijo Inexact Line Searches (ILS). This method is based on the ILS and its numerical properties are discussed using different non-linear test functions with various dimensions. The global convergence property of the new algorithm is investigated under few weak conditions. Numerical experiments show that the new algorithm seems to converge faster and is superior to some other similar methods in many situations

Microstructure of the juvenile sheep aortic valve hinge region and the trilamellar sliding hypothesis.

Background: The aortic valve mechanism performs extremely sophisticated functions which depend on the microstructure of its component parts. The hinge mechanism of the aortic leaflets plays a crucial part in the overall function. However, the detailed microstructure and its relation to function has not been adequately studied. Methods: The aortic roots of juvenile sheep were fixed under physiologic pressure. Sections through all three sinuses were then performed to illustrate the microstructure of the hinge mechanism in different regions of the aortic root. Results: The hinge region in the different sinuses showed unique microstructure with a trilamellar topology with a dominant core consisting of glycosaminoglycans. The exact arrangement of the trilamellar structures varies around the aortic sinuses, which could have functional implications. These features allow the hinge to perform its complex functions through what we have described as "the trilamellar sliding hypothesis". Conclusion: The microstructure of the hinge mechanism is unique and enables it to perform it sophisticated functions

UTJECAJ BUBRENJA NA SMIČNU ČVRSTOĆU KONTAKTNE POVRŠINE ŠEJLA I VAPNENCA

Rock slope stability is almost controlled by the behaviour of the interface between rock layers. The presence of shale layers between limestone layers complicates this behaviour. As the shale layer undergoes swelling with moisture, it causes the shear interface properties to change with a specific behaviour different from the dry state. The behaviour will depend on the shale’s degree of saturation, swelling percentage, and stress level over shale. An experimental program was carried out to determine the shear interface behaviour parameters of shale-limestone during swelling phenomena to guide stability checks. The interface cohesion and friction angle results are reported along the swelling process and compared with the dry state condition. These results help engineers assign adequate and accurate values for joint shear and normal stiffness in jointed rock slopes, including swelling layers.Stabilnost stijenskih kosina uglavnom je uvjetovana interakcijom kontaktne površine između slojeva stijenske mase. Prisutnost slojeva šejla između slojeva vapnenca usložnjava tu situaciju. Kako sloj šejla bubri zbog vlage, dolazi do promjene svojstava kontaktne površine koja se specifično razlikuje od suhoga stanja. Ponašanje će ovisiti o stupnju zasićenosti šejla, postotku bubrenja i veličini naprezanja u materijalu iznad šejla. Provedeno je eksperimentalno ispitivanje za određivanje parametara ponašanja smicanja kontaktne površine šejla i vapnenca tijekom pojave bubrenja te je provedena provjera stabilnosti. Vrijednosti kohezije i kuta unutarnjega trenja na kontaktnim površinama opažane su tijekom procesa bubrenja i uspoređivane su s vrijednostima suhoga stanja. Ti rezultati pomažu inženjerima odabrati odgovarajuće i pouzdane vrijednosti smične i normalne krutosti za diskontinuirane stijenske kosine na kojima se pojavljuju slojevi koji bubre

Penerapan Algoritma Neural Network Backpropagation dalam Mengidentifikasi Pasien Berisiko Dislipidemia

Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang sistem untuk mengidentifikasi pasien berisiko dislipidemia menggunakan Algoritma Neural Network Backpropagation.Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan studi pustaka, Perumusan masalah, mengumpulkan dan mengolah data-data penelitian, merancang sistem, membuat sistem, menguji sistem, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pada penelitian ini dataset yang digunakan sebanyak 346 data sampel yang dibagi menjadi data training dan data testing, rasio pembagian untuk data training dan data testing adalah 80% : 20%. Metode dalam pemilihan data training dan data testing dilakukan dengan cara acak. Pada pelatihan data training digunakan data sebanyak 277 data (80%), dan pada pengujian data testing digunakan data sebanyak 69 data (20%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Algoritma Neural Network Backpropagation dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pasien berisiko dislipidemia. Dalam pengujian sistem dengan 69 data testing (20%) di dapatkan hasil akurasi sebesar 86,96%

Perancangan Promosi Wisata Pantai Berbasis Videografi sebagai Upaya Pengenalan Pariwisata Kabupaten Kotabaru Kalimantan Selatan

Kotabaru District is one district in South Kalimantan Province is geographically quite unique, which in addition to having many islands, beaches and oceans as well as most of the island of Borneo also has mountains, valleys and plains as well as the persistence of the forest area or inland. This diversity is raised exotic nature so that it can be used as a tourist attraction. Therefore, as the introduction of South Kalimantan Kotabaru District tourism as well as to promote the tourism sector in Kotabaru, the authors put it in the form of beach-based tourism promotion design videography. The research method uses qualitative methods with data collection technique using observation, interviews, literature, and existing. The concept used in the design is the "beauty". That is the concept of beach tourism Kotabaru district, South Kalimantan has the beauty and uniqueness of each coast. The concept will be applied to any design that includes video and other supporting media. The results of the video and the media promotion of shore excursions are an attempt introduction of tourism in the district of South Kalimantan Kotabaru to attract tourists to visit. Besides promoting coastal tourism that can be enjoyed in various media

Spectrophotometric studies on some nitrosonaphthols

1018-1021The UV and visible absorption spectra of some nitrosonaphthol derivatives have been studied in organic solvents of varying polarities. The dependence of the band shift on the nature of substituent, dielectric effect and specific solvation has been studied. The absorption spectra have also been studied in buffer solutions of varying pH values and the acid dissociation constants of the different ionisable groups have been determined using the half-height and the modified limiting absorbance methods. It is found that the nitroso substituent leads to a decrease in ionisation constants of the naphthalenic OH group