658 research outputs found
Is it possible to recover information from the black-hole radiation?
In the framework of communication theory, we analyse the gedanken experiment
in which beams of quanta bearing information are flashed towards a black hole.
We show that stimulated emission at the horizon provides a correlation between
incoming and outgoing radiations consisting of bosons. For fermions, the
mechanism responsible for the correlation is the Fermi exclusion principle.
Each one of these mechanisms is responsible for the a partial transfer of the
information originally coded in the incoming beam to the black--hole radiation.
We show that this process is very efficient whenever stimulated emission
overpowers spontaneous emission (bosons). Thus, black holes are not `ultimate
waste baskets of information'.Comment: 9 pages (2 figures available upon request), CERN-TH 6811/93, (LateX
file
How Fast Does Information Leak out from a Black Hole?
Hawking's radiance, even as computed without account of backreaction, departs
from blackbody form due to the mode dependence of the barrier penetration
factor. Thus the radiation is not the maximal entropy radiation for given
energy. By comparing estimates of the actual entropy emission rate with the
maximal entropy rate for the given power, and using standard ideas from
communication theory, we set an upper bound on the permitted information
outflow rate. This is several times the rates of black hole entropy decrease or
radiation entropy production. Thus, if subtle quantum effects not heretofore
accounted for code information in the radiance, the information that was
thought to be irreparably lost down the black hole may gradually leak back out
from the black hole environs over the full duration of the hole's evaporation.Comment: 8 pages, plain TeX, UCSBTH-93-0
No hair for spherical black holes: charged and nonminimally coupled scalar field with self--interaction
We prove three theorems in general relativity which rule out classical scalar
hair of static, spherically symmetric, possibly electrically charged black
holes. We first generalize Bekenstein's no--hair theorem for a multiplet of
minimally coupled real scalar fields with not necessarily quadratic action to
the case of a charged black hole. We then use a conformal map of the geometry
to convert the problem of a charged (or neutral) black hole with hair in the
form of a neutral self--interacting scalar field nonminimally coupled to
gravity to the preceding problem, thus establishing a no--hair theorem for the
cases with nonminimal coupling parameter or . The
proof also makes use of a causality requirement on the field configuration.
Finally, from the required behavior of the fields at the horizon and infinity
we exclude hair of a charged black hole in the form of a charged
self--interacting scalar field nonminimally coupled to gravity for any .Comment: 30 pages, RevTeX. Sec.IV corrected, simplified and shortened.
Corrections to Sec.IIA between Eqs. 2.7 and Eq.2.1. First two paragraphs of
Sec. VC new. To appear Phys. Rev. D, Oct. 15, 199
Gravitational waves and lensing of the metric theory proposed by Sobouti
We investigate in detail two physical properties of the metric f(R) theory
developed by Sobouti (2007). We first look for the possibility of producing
gravitational waves that travel at the speed of light. We then check the
possibility of producing extra bending in the lenses produced by the theory. We
do this by using standard weak field approximations to the gravitational field
equations that appear in Sobouti's theory. We show in this article that the
metric theory of gravitation proposed by Sobouti (2007) predicts the existence
of gravitational waves travelling at the speed of light in vacuum. In fact,
this is proved in general terms for all metric theories of gravity which can be
expressed as powers of Ricci's scalar. We also show that an extra additional
lensing as compared to the one predicted by standard general relativity is
produced. These two points are generally considered to be of crucial importance
in the development of relativistic theories of gravity that could provide an
alternative description to the dark matter paradigm.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures. Added a comment on the recent article by Saffari
(arXiv:0704.3345v1) and small typos as well as general comments in the
introuduction and conclusio
Bohr's Correspondence Principle and The Area Spectrum of Quantum Black Holes
During the last twenty-five years evidence has been mounting that a
black-hole surface area has a {\it discrete} spectrum. Moreover, it is widely
believed that area eigenvalues are {\it uniformally} spaced. There is, however,
no general agreement on the {\it spacing} of the levels. In this letter we use
Bohr's correspondence principle to provide this missing link. We conclude that
the area spacing of a black-hole is . This is the unique spacing
consistent both with the area-entropy {\it thermodynamic} relation for black
holes, with Boltzmann-Einstein formula in {\it statistical physics} and with
{\it Bohr's correspondence principle}.Comment: 10 page
The Holographic Dark Energy in a Non-flat Universe
We study the model for holographic dark energy in a spatially closed
universe, generalizing the proposal in hep-th/0403127 for a flat universe. We
provide independent arguments for the choice of the parameter in the
holographic dark energy model. On the one hand, can not be less than 1, to
avoid violating the second law of thermodynamics. On the other hand,
observation suggests be very close to 1, it is hard to justify a small
deviation of from 1, if .Comment: 12 pages, harvmac, v2: order of authors is corrected in webpage, v3:
refs. adde
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Lead halide perovskite nanowires stabilized by block copolymers for Langmuir-Blodgett assembly
The rapid development of solar cells based on lead halide perovskites (LHPs) has prompted very active research activities in other closely-related fields. Colloidal nanostructures of such materials display superior optoelectronic properties. Especially, one-dimensional (1D) LHPs nanowires show anisotropic optical properties when they are highly oriented. However, the ionic nature makes them very sensitive to external environment, limiting their large scale practical applications. Here, we introduce an amphiphilic block copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP), to chemically modify the surface of colloidal CsPbBr3 nanowires. The resulting core-shell nanowires show enhanced photoluminescent emission and good colloidal stability against water. Taking advantage of the stability enhancement, we further applied a modified Langmuir-Blodgett technique to assemble monolayers of highly aligned nanowires, and studied their anisotropic optical properties. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
From computation to black holes and space-time foam
We show that quantum mechanics and general relativity limit the speed
of a simple computer (such as a black hole) and its memory space
to \tilde{\nu}^2 I^{-1} \lsim t_P^{-2}, where is the Planck time.
We also show that the life-time of a simple clock and its precision are
similarly limited. These bounds and the holographic bound originate from the
same physics that governs the quantum fluctuations of space-time. We further
show that these physical bounds are realized for black holes, yielding the
correct Hawking black hole lifetime, and that space-time undergoes much larger
quantum fluctuations than conventional wisdom claims -- almost within range of
detection with modern gravitational-wave interferometers.Comment: A misidentification of computer speeds is corrected. Our results for
black hole computation now agree with those given by S. Lloyd. All other
conclusions remain unchange
Dynamics of Massive Scalar Fields in dS Space and the dS/CFT Correspondence
Global geometric properties of dS space are presented explicitly in various
coordinates. A Robertson-Walker like metric is deduced, which is convenient to
be used in study of dynamics in dS space. Singularities of wavefunctions of
massive scalar fields at boundary are demonstrated. A bulk-boundary propagator
is constructed by making use of the solutions of equations of motion. The
dS/CFT correspondence and the Strominger's mass bound is shown.Comment: latex, 14 pages and 3 figure
Computational capacity of the universe
Merely by existing, all physical systems register information. And by
evolving dynamically in time, they transform and process that information. The
laws of physics determine the amount of information that a physical system can
register (number of bits) and the number of elementary logic operations that a
system can perform (number of ops). The universe is a physical system. This
paper quantifies the amount of information that the universe can register and
the number of elementary operations that it can have performed over its
history. The universe can have performed no more than ops on
bits.Comment: 17 pages, TeX. submitted to Natur
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