How to select combination operators for fuzzy expert systems using CRI

A method to select combination operators for fuzzy expert systems using the Compositional Rule of Inference (CRI) is proposed. First, fuzzy inference processes based on CRI are classified into three categories in terms of their inference results: the Expansion Type Inference, the Reduction Type Inference, and Other Type Inferences. Further, implication operators under Sup-T composition are classified as the Expansion Type Operator, the Reduction Type Operator, and the Other Type Operators. Finally, the combination of rules or their consequences is investigated for inference processes based on CRI

A Note on the Generalization of the GEMS Approach

This paper is a supplement of our earlier work JHEP 0410 (2004) 011[gr-qc/0409107].We map the vector potential of charged black holes into GEMS and find that its effect on the thermal spectrum is the same as that on the black hole side, i.e., it will induce a chemical potential in the thermal spectrum which is the same as that in the charged black holes.We also argue that the generalization of GEMS approach to non-stationary motions is not possible.Comment: Latex file, 10 pages, no figure; v2: minor corrections; v3: revised with title changed, one new section added and references adde

Observation of indirect ionization of W7+ in an electron-beam ion-trap plasma

In this work, visible and extreme ultraviolet spectra of W7+ are measured using the high-temperature superconducting electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) at the Shanghai EBIT Laboratory under extremely low-energy conditions (lower than the nominal electron-beam energy of 130 eV). The relevant atomic structure is calculated using the flexible atomic code package based on the relativistic configuration interaction method. The GRASP2K code, in the framework of the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method, is employed as well for calculating the wavelength of the M1 transition in the ground configuration of W7+. A line from the W7+ ions is observed at a little higher electron-beam energy than the ionization potential for W4+, making this line appear to be from W5+. A hypothesis for the charge-state evolution of W7+ is proposed based on our experimental and theoretical results; that is, the occurrence of W7+ ions results from indirect ionization caused by stepwise excitation between some metastable states of lower-charge-state W ions, at the nominal electron-beam energy of 59 eV

A new small satellite sunspot triggering recurrent standard- and blowout-coronal jets

In this paper,we report a detailed analysis of recurrent jets originated from a location with emerging, canceling and converging negative magnetic field at the east edge of NOAA active region AR11166 from 2011 March 09 to 10. The event presented several interesting features. First, a satellite sunspot appeared and collided with a pre-existing opposite polarity magnetic field and caused a recurrent solar jet event. Second, the evolution of the jets showed blowout-like nature and standard characteristics. Third, the satellite sunspot exhibited a motion toward southeast of AR11166 and merged with the emerging flux near the opposite polarity sunspot penumbra, which afterward, due to flux convergence and cancellation episodes, caused recurrent jets. Fourth, three of the blowout jets associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs), were observed from field of view of the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory. Fifth, almost all the blowout jet eruptions were accompanied with flares or with more intense brightening in the jet base region, while almost standard jets did not manifest such obvious feature during eruptions. The most important, the blowout jets were inclined to faster and larger scale than the standard jets. The standard jets instead were inclined to relative longer-lasting. The obvious shearing and twisting motions of the magnetic field may be interpreted as due to the shearing and twisting motions for a blowout jet eruption. From the statistical results, about 30% blowout jets directly developed into CMEs. It suggests that the blowout jets and CMEs should have a tight relationship.Comment: ApJ 18 pages, 7 figure

Possible observation of phase separation near a quantum phase transition in doubly connected ultrathin superconducting cylinders of aluminum

The kinetic energy of superconducting electrons in an ultrathin, doubly connected superconducting cylinder, determined by the applied flux, increases as the cylinder diameter decreases, leading to a destructive regime around half-flux quanta and a superconductor to normal metal quantum phase transition (QPT). Regular step-like features in resistance vs. temperature curves taken at fixed flux values were observed near the QPT in ultrathin Al cylinders. It is proposed that these features are most likely resulted from a phase separation near the QPT in which normal regions nucleate in a homogeneous superconducting cylinder.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Soot measurement in diluted methane diffusion flames by multi-pass extinction and laser-induced incandescence

Multi-pass cavity line-of-sight extinction (MPC-LOSE) and laser- induced incandescence (LII) techniques are deployed to measure the soot volume fraction in a series of nitrogen-diluted flames, which produce only ppm volume mass fractions of soot. The separate suppression effects on soot formation of direct fuel dilution and indirect effects of temperature and res- idence time are interpreted by using a numerically calculated flow velocity and temperature field using a one-step fast chemistry model. The experi- mentally determined rate of soot formation is shown to obey approximately the same function of the local temperature for all dilution cases. The results show that a simple one-step reaction model using previously measured acti- vation energies can account for the dilution effect with good accuracy. The results show that the direct effect of dilution on concentration is comparable to the effects of changing the temperature estimated local temperature and residence time