Die mediale Inszenierung von Katastrophen als Krise der Jahrtausendwende

Despite the everyday presence of disasters in the media and a growing number of disaster movies made in Germany, there is only a small amount of disaster literature in contemporary German writing. This article aims to explore, how disasters are enacted in different ways in contemporary novels, film and media in German language by comparing Frank Schätzing’s beststeller “Der Schwarm”, Tomas Glavinic’s “Die Arbeit der Nacht” and the movie “Die Sturmflut.

Comparison of the essential-oil composition of Salvia sclarea L. aromatherapy oils from Turkish markets

Salvia officinalis does not find a natural habitat in Turkey, however, it is cultivated mostly for export. On the other hand, Salvia fruticosa and S. clarea are gathered from wild-growing populations, cultivated, used and sold instead of S. officinalis for various purposes in Turkey. Previously, the essential-oil composition of S. sclarea from various countries was investigated and samples containing linalyl acetate, linalool, germacrene D, α-terpineol, neryl acetate, geraniol, geranyl acetate, nerol, and sclareol were reported [1,2]. In contrast, the essential oil of S. fruticosa was reported to contain α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene, and camphor as the main components [3]. In the current study, one aromatherapy-grade essential-oil sample was acquired from a pharmacy and another from a herb shop. Additionally, clary sage (adaçayı – local name) was bought from a herb shop and the plant material was used to obtain an essential-oil sample by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus in the duration of 3 h. The essential oils were analyzed on the Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system. The main components of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation were 1,8-cineole (26.8%), camphor (8.9%), α-pinene (6.4%), β-pinene (6.3%), and β-caryophyllene (5.2%). The aromatherapy oil bought from the herb shop contained 1,8-cineole (32.6%), β-caryophyllene (8.7%), camphor (7.3%), α-pinene (6.5%), and β-pinene (5.8%). The aromatherapy oil and the oil obtained from the plant sample sold as clary sage had a composition that is similar to that of S. fruticosa essential oil. The aromatherapy oil acquired from a pharmacy shop, which is sold as an imported product, contained linalyl acetate (52.1%) and linalool (20.0%) the presence of which is indicative of S. sclarea (clary sage) oil. The essential oils were also investigated for their AChE-inhibitory properties. The best noted inhibitory properties of the aromatherapy oil and the hydrodistilled oil were 99±1% and 99.8±0.4%, respectively; whereas the oil sample from pharmacy shop at the same concentration reached the inhibition of 13±2% (n = 3). The results clearly indicate that the products sold as S. sclarea on the Turkish market show a great variation due to the misuse of (adulteration with) S. fruticosa. This study clearly reveals that further legislation and control is required on the Turkish herbal market in order to protect and inform consumers

Composition and AChE-inhibitory properties of Hypericum calycinum L. essential oil

The genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) is represented by 94 taxa in Turkey. Hypericum species are very well known due to their uses in folk medicine. There is a considerable number of studies done on Hypericum species available in the literature. Previously, the essential-oil composition of Hypericum calycinum L. obtained by microdistillation was reported. According to this report, the main components of the oil were α-pinene (24.2%), β-pinene (14.2%), myrtenal (4.5%), verbenone (4.5%), and trans-pinocarveol (4.2%) [1]. In the current study, the essential-oil composition H. calycinum collected from Şile–İstanbul was determined. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of the plant with a Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The essential oil yield was 0.7% (v/w). The oil was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was diluted 1:10 (v/v) in n-hexane and analyzed by GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Fifty-four compounds were identified that represented 98.9% of the detected GC-peak areas. The main components of the oil were β-pinene (40.8%), α-pinene (17.7%), limonene (11.9%), and germacrene D (3.3%). The amounts of α- and β-pinene quantified in the oil obtained from Istanbul were found to be different from the previously reported for H. calycinum oil. The essential oil obtained from H. calycinum originating from Istanbul was characterized by a very high amount of β-pinene. The essential oil caused an 86±1% (n=3) AChE activity inhibition at the concentration of 5 mg/mL

Bir erken Cumhuriyet modernist mimarı: Seyfi Arkan

This article investigates the architectural understanding of an early Turkish Republican era modernist architect, Seyfi Arkan, who was one of the most influential architects between the years of 1930-40. Some documents on Arkan’s private life, the journals entitled Mimar /Arkitekt published in 1931 onwards and other sources that shed light on the era and Arkan’s buildings have been investigated in some detail. Arkan went to Berlin as a graduate student on a scholarship awarded due to his outstanding success as a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in İstanbul. In Berlin, he became a student of Professor Hans Poelzig, who influenced and partially shaped his architectural understanding and practice when he also worked in his office. Upon Atatürk’s invitation Arkan built Çankaya Presidential Residence in the new capital city of the Turkish Republic, Ankara. On his accomplishment he was appointed to build many other official and governmental buildings in Ankara. This made him the brightest and the most influential state architect of the era.  Arkan tragically lost the support of the State and his popularity after Atatürk’s death. Nevertheless, he still continued his modernist architectural designs and buildings without any compromise, even though he encountered various difficulties in his career afterwards. Modern architecture entered Turkey with the designs of foreign architects in 1927. These architects had been selected by the State to construct the prestige buildings in Ankara and to turn the city to a modern capital. Additionally, it became better well-known as a result of a series of publications in professional journals, Mimar/Arkitekt starting from 1931 on. However, modern architecture did not naturally come into picture with its essence that resulted from some economic, socio-cultural, and aesthetic concerns; but rather as the Zeitgeist of the era and as a by-product of the modern revolution and its ideology. In 1930’s, there was a radical change in the architectural paradigm in Turkey. Modern avant-garde movements in the early 20th Century in the West, namely movements before Bauhaus, were never influential and never exercised in the Turkish architectural practice. The main concern was to construct Ankara, the capital city of the new Nation-State, as a prestige project rather than constructing residential buildings. Since a modern capital was essential for the new republic, modern architecture was preferred. The problems of Turkish architecture in that era were numerous: Preference of foreign architects to conduct the prestige project, thus demoting Turkish architects’ status to a secondary position, lack of autonomy in the context of architecture, the existence of economic and technical problems were among these problems.  Arkan’s architecture is not like other modernist architects of the era abroad. Arkan’s architecture differed from others in the sense that it did not consist of a national identity characteristic which can be detected at first glance. For example, unlike in the case of Arkan, Aalto’s architecture contains influences from both his Finnish background and modernism, and Barragan’s architecture reflects both his Mexican origin and modernist tradition.  Arkan preferred universal architectural principles over local ones although he had a few architectural works, in which he synthesized universal and local architectural features. Arkan’s buildings are representatives of various interpretations from International style, to classicist characteristics, local and authentic variations, as well as Deco aesthetic, and modernist styles. Arkan’s attitude was that of an architect’s who softened the canonical components of the orthodox modern architecture, combining them with already existing conditions and Deco aesthetic interpretations through his professional experience and empathy. Arkan was an architect who was well aware of the fact that modernism was a project which attempted to grasp the spirit of the era. Yet, it is difficult to understand the intellectual background of his architectural designs. The most important factor that gives his designs their spirit was his commitment to the idea of total design. Arkan reflected this attitude in his designs from the smallest artifacts to the larger scale designs like the building itself.  This can be observed in nearly all of his modernist buildings. Arkan’s projects, which might appear to be stereotypical in the context of the Western architecture, are not at all stereotypical in Turkish architecture. In fact, Arkan’s attempts are considered to be more valuable than solely reducing modern architecture to principles and replicating one building after another. Keywords: Seyfı Arkan, modernism, modern architecture: 1930-40.    Bu makalede Erken Cumhuriyet döneminin modernist mimarı olan ve 1930-40 yılları arasındaki yapılarıyla döneme imzasını atmış olan Seyfi Arkan’ın bu aralıktaki yaşamı, eğitimi ve mimarlık anlayışı ele alınacaktır. Arkan’ın özel yaşamına ilişkin çeşitli dökümanlar ile 1931’den itibaren dö-neme ışık tutan Mimar / Arkitekt dergileri, diğer kaynaklar ve Arkan’ın yapıları incelenmiştir. Ar-kan’ın profesyonel kariyeri ve özel yaşamı oldukça trajiktir. Yabancı mimarların Türkiye’deki pro-jeler kapsamında çok gözde olduğu bir devirde Arkan’ın şansı, diğer Türk mimarlarının tersine devlet tarafından görevlendirilmesi olmuştur. Atatürk’ün ölümü sonrası resmi desteğin azalmasıyla yapı etkinliği de azalmaya başlamıştır. Yine de, modernist çizgisini ve yapı etkinliğini sıkıntılarla da olsa ödünsüz sürdürmüştür. Türkiye’de modern mimari Batı’daki gelişiminden daha farklı bir biçimde gelişmiştir. Batı’nın 1930’lar öncesi yaşadığı avangard dönemini Türkiye yaşamamıştır.  Modern mimari, Batı’dakinin tersine Türkiye’ye bir devlet politikası olarak tepeden inme biçimde girmiştir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’de her alanda ağırlığı hissedilen 1930-40’lı yıllar arası modern mimariye sadece Batı’nın geçirdiği evreler açısından bakmak Türk mimarisi için tek açıklayıcı ölçüt olamaz. Arkan’ın mimarlık anlayışı, bazı yapılarında uluslararası üslubun tasarım ilkeleri doğrultusunda geliştirildiyse de bazı yapılarının biçimlenişinde klasisist, yerel ve Deco estetik tavırlar görülür. Bu bağlamda Arkan mimarlığı uzlaşmacı ve yumuşatılmış bir modernizmdir. Batı modern mimarisi ile kıyaslanırsa, belki stereotipik gibi görünen Seyfi Arkan’ın projeleri Türk mimarisi özelinde stereotipik değildir.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Seyfi Arkan, modernizm,1930-40 yıllarında modern mimarlık

AChE-inhibitory properties and the chemical composition of Salvia aethiopis L. essential oil

Previously, the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts of Salvia aethiopis L. (Lamiaceae) from Erzurum–Turkey was reported to contain germacrene D (29.0%), α-copaene (19.8%), β-cubebene + β-elemene (9.9%), bicyclogermacrene (9.3%), δ-cadinene (8.7%), and β-caryophyllene (7.3%) [1]. The current study aims to provide information on the essential-oil composition of the aerial parts of S. aethiopis from another location in Turkey. The plant material used in this study was collected from Tokat in June 2017. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h) of air-dried aerial parts using a Clevenger-type apparatus, in a yield of 0.09 mL per 100 g of plant material. The essential oil was diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and used as such for the GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. Eighty-one compounds were identified comprising 90.1% of the detected oil constitutes. The main components of the oil of S. aethiopis from Tokat were α-copaene (17.8%), germacrene D (12.7%), bicyclogermacrene (11.8%), β-caryophyllene (6.9%), and δ-cadinene (4.3%). The results agreed generally with the literature ones except for the variation in the percentage of the main components. Additionally, AChE-inhibitory properties of the essential oil were investigated and the oil was demonstrated to inhibit 46.4±0.8% (n = 3) of AChE activity, at 1 mg/mL

A RESEARCH ON THE PERCEPTION OF ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS ABOUT STRAW-BALE BUILDINGS

Although straw-bale construction has been used for thousands of years, currently doesn't attract considerable attention by professional architects and students. The reason behind this is assumed to be the prejudices and lack of knowledge about straw-bale buildings. In the scope of this research understanding candidate architects point of view on the preference criterias that are effective about choice of straw-bale construction is aimed. For this purpose, among 214 students of private university (in Turkey) in 2015-2016 academic year, 100 students were selected through simple random sampling and the survey was conducted. The results show that according to the candidate architects, the properties such as its being compatible to nature, harmless to human health, recyclable and low-cost are the main positive qualities of straw-bale construction, whereas lifetime, structural properties and fire resistance are still calling into question. This study demonstrates that straw bale construction techniques, which have the potential to solve environmental problems, need to be given more attention in the architecture educational.Publisher's Versio

The chemical composition of Salvia euphratica Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. essential oil from Sivas-Turkey

Previously, only the fatty-oil composition of Salvia euphratica Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. (syn. Salvia euphratica var. euphratica) was reported, however, there are no other studies on the chemistry of this species [1]. Up to now, there are no reports on the essential-oil composition of this taxon. In this study, we aimed to investigate the composition of three different samples of the essential oil of S. euphratica collected in June 2017 from two different sites in Sivas-Turkey. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from air-dried aerial parts of the plant using a Clevenger-type apparatus for the duration of 3 h. The essential-oil yields for the three samples were determined to be: 0.25, 0.15, and 0.13% (v/v), for a sample with glandular hairs (1) and a sample without glandular hairs (2) from location 1 and for a sample with glandular hairs (3) from location 2, respectively. The oils were diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and analyzed as such on an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in the EI mode injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium, as the carrier gas (1 mL/min), were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. The main components of sample 1 essential oil were 1,8-cineole (20.7%), camphor (10.0%), nopinone (4.7%), trans-pinocarveol (4.3%), myrtenal (4.3%), β-pinene (3.3%), and camphene (2.2%). Sample 2 oil contained high amounts of 1,8-cineole (13.5%), camphor (7.6%), trans-pinocarveol (7.1%), myrtenal (5.7%), nopinone (4.6%), myrtenol (3.9%), borneol (3.4%), and pinocarvone (3.2%). Finally, the main components of sample 3 oil were: 1,8-cineole (16.8%), trans-pinocarveol (4.7%), camphor (4.0%), myrtenyl acetate (3.7%), myrtenal (3.6%), linalool (2.8%), trans-linalool oxide (furanoid) (2.6%), and myrtenol (2.6%). The highest noted AChE-inhibitory activity of the oils were 63±5%, 57±2%, and 63±1%, respectively

The composition of the essential oil of the aerial parts of an endemic new species Ferula mervynii Sağıroğlu & H.Duman from Turkey

In 2007, Ferula mervynii Sağıroğlu & H.Duman (Apiaceae) was reported as a new species from Turkey. This species finds a natural habitat in Artvin and Erzurum regions that are located in North-Eastern Anatolia [1]. Up to now, there are no reports on the chemistry of this species. However, there are many reports on the essential-oil composition of other Ferula species from Turkey. As an example, F. elaeochytris Korovin essential oil was reported to have nonane (27.1%), α‐pinene (12.7%), and germacrene B (10.3%) as the main components [2], whereas, F. szowitziana D.C. was reported to contain β-eudesmol (32.0-29.5%), α-eudesmol (18.2-16.6%), and α-pinene (8.6-6.4%) as the major components of the leaf and stem oils, respectively [3]. The current study aimed to provide information on the chemistry of the essential oil of F. mervynii collected from Erzurum, Turkey, in August 2017. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from air-dried aerial parts of the plant using a Clevenger-type apparatus in the duration of 3 h. The essential-oil yield was determined to be 0.56% (v/w). The oil was diluted with n-hexane 1:10 (v/v) and analyzed as such on an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. The aerial parts essential oil of F. mervynii was rich in monoterpenes. The major components were α-pinene (48.1%), sabinene (20.0%), β-pinene (11.6%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.5%). The highest AChE-inhibitory activity of the oil was found to reach 51±1% of inhibition of the enzyme activity

The essential-oil composition of Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. from Trabzon-Turkey

Previously, the essential oil from the aerial parts of Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. (Asteraceae) from Serbia was reported to have a complex composition with (E,Z)-farnesol, (E)-nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, intermedeol, and alantolactone as the main components [1]. The plant material analyzed in the current study was collected in July 2017 from Maçka-Trabzon with an aim to identify the chemical constituents of T. speciosa essential oil from Turkey (for the first time) and compare it with the reported oil from Serbia. The essential oil was obtained from air-dried aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation (3 h) using a Clevenger apparatus in a yield of 0.06% (v/w). The essential oil was diluted 1:10 (v/v) with n-hexane and used as such for the GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. One hundred thirty-four compounds were identified representing 80.5% of the detected oil constituents. The main components of the oil were caryophyllene oxide (8.2%), β-caryophyllene (6.0%), precocene II (3.9%), isoalantolactone (3.5%), trans-phytol (2.9%), nerol (2.9%), hexadecenoic acid (2.6%), neryl propionate (2.5%), and thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether (2.3%). The oil composition of T. speciosa was very complex as reported previously [1], but the yield in the present study was higher. Caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene were both detected in T. speciosa from Turkey and Serbia. However, the Turkish oil did not contain (E,Z)-farnesol and (E)-nerolidol. The AChE-inhibitory activity of the essential oil was 8±1% at 10 mg/mL

Composition and AChE-inhibitory properties of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides (L.) Hudson essential oil

There are many reports on the essential-oil composition of the subspecies of Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae). As an example, the essential oil of the capensis subspecies from South Africa was reported to contain menthone (50.9%), pulegone (19.3%), and 1,8-cineole (11.9%) [1]. Another report indicated carvone (67.3%), limonene (13.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.4%) as the main components of M. longifolia subsp. schimperi oil [2]. Previously, ten different chemotypes of M. longifolia subsp. typhoides var. typhoides were reported in the Tokat flora [3]. Various chemotypes were also detected from Northern Turkey and from the Marmara region [4,5]. In the current study, the essential-oil composition of Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides (L.) Hudson from Maçka–Trabzon was investigated. The essential oil of the aerial parts of the plant was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h) using a Clevenger apparatus. The essential-oil yield was found to be 0.65% (v/w). The essential oil was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The essential oil was diluted with n-hexane (1:10, v/v) and analyzed as such by GC-MS. The analysis was performed on an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system. Ninety-one compounds were identified in the essential oil representing 97.2% of the detected oil constituents. The main components of the oil were isodihydrocarvone (31.4%), dihydrocarvone (14.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.2%), and limonene (7.5%). A similar carvone-rich chemotype was reported previously [5]. The essential oil was also demonstrated to cause 33.1±0.9%; 29±3%; 5.4±0.4%  (n=3) of inhibition of AChE activity, at 10, 5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively