Pengaruh Kenaikan Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (Ptkp) terhadap Peningkatan Daya Beli Masyarakat di Daerah Kabupaten Kediri (Studi Kasus di Desa Sambireksik Kecamatan Gampengrejo)

Developing countries such as Indonesia\u27s state government development is necessary in order to make this country better and grow into a developed country. Income tax article 21, the biggest contributor of government revenue. Itself taxable income is income that is not taxed. Policy PTKP rise in 2013 was taken by the government for fiscal stimulus in anticipation of a global economic slowdown. The purpose of this study is the effect of the increase in taxable income to purchasing power in the region, especially the village of Kediri District Gampengrejo Sambiresik. Researchers wanted to examine the truth by raising the taxable income will increase purchasing power also appropriate government said. This type of research used in this study is a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used questionnaire study. This study used a Likert scale scores of the questionnaire. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis. The results of this research is that if the independent variable (PTKP) worth (0) then the dependent variable (Purchasing Power) worth 3,938. Leverage the value of coefficient for the variable X is equal to -180. In the regression tests are sig 0.140, then H0 is accepted. Advice from research that more closely if the government wants to increase the amount of taxable income to increase purchasing power. The government can increase people\u27s purchasing power by raising the taxable income but also control the prices of basic necessities

Two New Polymorphs of Huperzine A Obtained from Different Dehydration Processes of One Monohydrate

Two new polymorphs (forms IV and V) of huperzine A were obtained from the same hydrate form H1, which is currently commercially available, via dehydration processes under different conditions. Notably, the number of reported polymorphs of huperzine A is increased to five and the polymorphs with well-determined structures are increased to four. Forms IV and V were analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). In addition, form V was further characterized by Raman spectra, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). Finally, the mechanism for the two-phase transformation is discussed

Insight into the Phase Transformation among Various Solid Forms of Baicalein

A new polymorph and three hydrates of baicalein, a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory TCM drug, were discovered through comprehensive polymorph screening experiments. The forms were fully characterized by a range of analytical techniques, including PXRD, Raman spectra, FTIR, HSM, SEM, TGA, DSC, and DVS. Single crystal structures and the transformation pathways among different polymorphs and hydrates are discussed in detail. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation behavior between monohydrate and hemihydrate was revealed. Thermodynamic stability, hygroscopicity, and powder dissolution behavior were investigated. The results show that the newly discovered form γ presents better dissolution behavior and remarkably greater apparent solubility compared with the current widely used marketed drug substance

Insight into the Phase Transformation among Various Solid Forms of Baicalein

A new polymorph and three hydrates of baicalein, a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory TCM drug, were discovered through comprehensive polymorph screening experiments. The forms were fully characterized by a range of analytical techniques, including PXRD, Raman spectra, FTIR, HSM, SEM, TGA, DSC, and DVS. Single crystal structures and the transformation pathways among different polymorphs and hydrates are discussed in detail. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation behavior between monohydrate and hemihydrate was revealed. Thermodynamic stability, hygroscopicity, and powder dissolution behavior were investigated. The results show that the newly discovered form γ presents better dissolution behavior and remarkably greater apparent solubility compared with the current widely used marketed drug substance

Insight into the Phase Transformation among Various Solid Forms of Baicalein

A new polymorph and three hydrates of baicalein, a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory TCM drug, were discovered through comprehensive polymorph screening experiments. The forms were fully characterized by a range of analytical techniques, including PXRD, Raman spectra, FTIR, HSM, SEM, TGA, DSC, and DVS. Single crystal structures and the transformation pathways among different polymorphs and hydrates are discussed in detail. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation behavior between monohydrate and hemihydrate was revealed. Thermodynamic stability, hygroscopicity, and powder dissolution behavior were investigated. The results show that the newly discovered form γ presents better dissolution behavior and remarkably greater apparent solubility compared with the current widely used marketed drug substance

Solid-State Characterization and Insight into Transformations and Stability of Apatinib Mesylate Solvates

Two types of solvates for the antiangiogenesis drug apatinib mesylate were obtained, and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The properties of these solvates were fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, dynamic vapor sorption, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Experimental and theoretical studies were performed on the solvates to understand the phase transitions induced by heat and humidity. An irreversible humidity-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation from ethanol solvate (type II) to monohydrate (type I) was elucidated. The stability of these solvates, including moisture-dependent and thermal stability, was studied. The comprehensive investigation of the solvates and hydrate provided essential knowledge about quality control of this important drug

Polymorphs and Hydrates of Apatinib Mesylate: Insight into the Crystal Structures, Properties, and Phase Transformations

Apatinib mesylate (ATM) is an orally administrated anticancer agent for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Single-crystal structures of four ATM solid forms, including two anhydrous polymorphs (I and II) and hydrates (HA and HB), were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The properties of these various forms were fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The discrepant molecule conformations, H-bonding interactions, and packing arrangements in the crystal structures were analyzed associated with the hygroscopicity of forms I and II. Various form transformations induced by either moisture or solution conditions were examined, and the relative stability was established. The results revealed that HA is the most thermodynamically stable form and is superior to the currently marketed form

Improving Dissolution and Photostability of Vitamin K3 via Cocrystallization with Naphthoic Acids and Sulfamerazine

Menadione (MD), also known as vitamin K3, has been widely applied in fortified food, feed, and the nutrition industry for its antihemorrhagic activity. However, the poor photostability in the solid state has greatly affected its biological performance and limited its applications. With the objective to alter the topochemical photoreactivity, a cocrystallization approach was employed, and three MD cocrystals with naphthoic acids and sulfamerazine were designed and prepared. Single crystal structures were determined, and solid-state characterization were performed. Solid-state UV–vis spectra revealed a significant red-shift of UV absorption in the cocrystal solids resulting in variant color differences. These physicochemical changes may be attributed to the enhanced π···π interactions and change-transfer interactions within these molecular complexes. More importantly, the newly synthesized cocrystals displayed better dissolution behavior and superior photostability with respect to MD itself. No obvious degradation was observed under stressed photoirradiation conditions. These findings may provide new possibilities to the application of this key vitamin

New Polymorphs of Huperzine A: Preparation, Structures, and Physicochemical Properties of Anhydrous Crystal Forms

Three new polymorphs (forms I, II, and III) of natural cholinesterase inhibitor Huperzine A were discovered through a comprehensive polymorph screening experiment. Their structures were elucidated by single-crystal structure analysis and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and DXR Raman microscope. The physicochemical properties of these new forms were investigated by thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) isotherms. The powder dissolution rates were compared with the marketed monohydrate form. Thermodynamic stability, phase transformation, E–T diagram, and drugability properties are also discussed in detail

Cocrystals of Baicalein with Higher Solubility and Enhanced Bioavailability

Baicalein (<b>Bai</b>) is one of the most important bioactive flavonoids isolated from the well-known traditional Chinese medicine called “Huang Qin”. Though it has broad therapeutic capability, the bioavailability is limited due to its poor solubility. In this study, we aimed to modulate its solubility through cocrystallization. Cocrystals of <b>Bai</b> with isoniazide (<b>Inia</b>), isonicotinamide (<b>Inam</b>), caffeine (<b>Caf</b>), and theophylline (<b>Tph</b>) were obtained. And different cocrystallization methods lead to different cocrystal phases for <b>Inam</b> and <b>Tph</b>. These cocrystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic vapor sorption, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Among all the cocrystals studied, <b>BaiCaf</b> is found to be superior in powder dissolution and pharmacokinetic behavior. Area under the curve values of <b>BaiCaf</b> is improved by a factor of 4.1, and the bioavailability of baicalein is thus expected to be accordingly increased. Given that <b>Caf</b> is a central nervous system stimulant available in many prescription and nonprescription medications, <b>BaiCaf</b> can be a promising alternative solid form of <b>Bai</b> to be developed