Characterization of Immunostimulation and Anti-cancer Activity of Poiysaccharide Peptide (PSP) with Special Reference to a Small Molecular Weight Fraction (SMF)

Polysaccharide peptide (PSP), isolated from COV-1 strain of Coriolus versicolor, is commonly used as an adjunct in cancer chemo-and radio-therapy in Asia. Many clinical triais using PSP have been done in China. The most promising pharmacological activities of PSP are their immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. In this study, water soluble PSP extract (crude PSP) was prepared from a commercially available source. This crude PSP was shown to be an immunostimulant on the basis of its upregulation of nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 production in RAW264.7 cells. The anticancer effects included induction of apoptosis of B16 cells and inhibition of angiogenesis as determined by its reduction of matrigel-based tubulization of EA hy 926 cells. It also suppressed the mouse liver metastases induced by injection of melanoma cells via the portal vein. However, the active components of PSP are not known. Fractionation of crude PSP by Sephadex G-75 chromatography has yielded two major fractions: high molecular weight fraction (HMF, 16% by weight) and small molecular weight fraction (SMF, 50% by weight). Immunostimulatory activity of these fractions was examined in the stimulation of RAW264.7 cells. SMF was found to be 10 times more effective than crude PSP in the up-regulation of NO (EC50 values of 9.71 μg∕mL versus 158.8 μg∕mL), PGE2 as well as interferon-β (IFN-β). However, SMF was less active than crude PSP on iii induction of melanoma cells apoptosis. On the other hand, HMF was found to be primarily responsible for the anti-angiogenic effect of crude PSP. In vivo study in mice showed that SMF treatment (14 days) was more effective than crude PSP as an inhibitor of liver metastasis induced by injection of melanoma cells. SMF also upregulated immune response in vivo and ex vivo (macrophage function, proliferation of lymphocyte and elevation of serum IFN-β level); and these immunostimulatory effects may contribute to the anti-metastasis effect of SMF. Our data suggested that SMF was more potent than crude PSP on immunostimulation as well as inhibition of tumor liver metastases. The application of these products may be important in treatment of some tumors and cancer metastases

Characterization of Immunostimulation and Anti-cancer Activity of Polysaccharide Peptide (PSP) with Special Reference to a Small Molecular Weight Fraction (SMF)

Polysaccharide peptide (PSP), isolated from COV-1 strain of Coriolus versicolor, is commonly used as an adjunct in cancer chemo-and radio-therapy in Asia. Many clinical trials using PSP have been done in China. The most promising pharmacological activities of PSP are their immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. In this study, water soluble PSP extract (crude PSP) was prepared from a commercially available source. This crude PSP was shown to be an immunostimulant on the basis of its upregulation of nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 production in RAW264.7 cells. The anticancer effects included induction of apoptosis of B16 cells and inhibition of angiogenesis as determined by its reduction of matrigel-based tubulization of EA hy 926 cells. It also suppressed the mouse liver metastases induced by injection of melanoma cells via the portal vein. However, the active components of PSP are not known. Fractionation of crude PSP by Sephadex G-75 chromatography has yielded two major fractions: high molecular weight fraction (HMF, 16% by weight) and small molecular weight fraction (SMF, 50% by weight). Immunostimulatory activity of these fractions was examined in the stimulation of RAW264.7 cells. SMF was found to be 10 times more effective than crude PSP in the up-regulation of NO (EC50 values of 9.71 pg/mL versus 158.8 pg/mL), PGE2 as well as interferon-(3 (IFN-P). However, SMF was less active than crude PSP on induction of melanoma cells apoptosis. On the other hand, HMF was found to be primarily responsible for the anti-angiogenic effect of crude PSP. In vivo study in mice showed that SMF treatment (14 days) was more effective than crude PSP as an inhibitor of liver metastasis induced by injection of melanoma cells. SMF also upregulated immune response in vivo and ex vivo (macrophage function, proliferation of lymphocyte and elevation of serum IFN-P level); and these immunostimulatory effects may contribute to the anti-metastasis effect of SMF. Our data suggested that SMF was more potent than crude PSP on immunostimulation as well as inhibition of tumor liver metastases. The application of these products may be important in treatment of some tumors and cancer metastases

Exploration of Ideology and Politics Education in Analytical Geometry Under Blending Teaching

With the rapid development and continuous innovation of information technology, traditional teaching model is confronted with great challenge and, sometimes, it is difficult to achieve teaching goals via single offline teaching, especially under the influence of the COVID-19. In this paper, taking space rectangular coordinates and space vector in the course of space analytical geometry as the carrier, ideological and political elements in the course of space analytical geometry is mined via multi-channel from various aspects. Fusion point of ideology and politics elements in space analytical geometry is searched and the implementation path is investigated under blending teaching. The aim is to promote the achievement of the ideology and politics education of space analytical geometry. Keywords: Blending teaching, Ideology and politics education, Analytical geometry DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-21-15 Publication date:June 30th 202

An Analysis of the Implementation Path of Moral Education in Mathematics under Goal Orientation: Taking "The ellipse and its standard equation" as an example

The practice of moral education in mathematics is an inevitable requirement for the implementation of the fundamental task of establishing moral education. The practice of moral education in mathematics is not conducted blindly. By adopting moral education objectives as the guide, the effectiveness of moral education in the subject can be enhanced. The implementation path of moral education in mathematics was explored in the context of the moral education objectives for the senior secondary level in the "Guidelines for Moral Education in Primary and Secondary Schools", based on the example of the "ellipse and its standard equation". A typical case was used as a carrier; reasonable scenarios were introduced; mathematical thinking and methods were penetrated to focus on the cultural values of mathematics. Keywords: Moral education in mathematics; Goal-oriented; Ellipse DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-26-06 Publication date:September 30th 202

Variable-Dependent Partial Dimension Reduction

Sufficient dimension reduction reduces the dimension of a regression model without loss of information by replacing the original predictor with its lower-dimensional linear combinations. Partial (sufficient) dimension reduction arises when the predictors naturally fall into two sets X and W, and pursues a partial dimension reduction of X. Though partial dimension reduction is a very general problem, only very few research results are available when W is continuous. To the best of our knowledge, none can deal with the situation where the reduced lower-dimensional subspace of X varies with W. To address such issue, we in this paper propose a novel variable-dependent partial dimension reduction framework and adapt classical sufficient dimension reduction methods into this general paradigm. The asymptotic consistency of our method is investigated. Extensive numerical studies and real data analysis show that our variable-dependent partial dimension reduction method has superior performance compared to the existing methods

Variable-Dependent Partial Dimension Reduction

Sufficient dimension reduction reduces the dimension of a regression model without loss of information by replacing the original predictor with its lower-dimensional linear combinations. Partial (sufficient) dimension reduction arises when the predictors naturally fall into two sets X and W, and pursues a partial dimension reduction of X. Though partial dimension reduction is a very general problem, only very few research results are available when W is continuous. To the best of our knowledge, none can deal with the situation where the reduced lower-dimensional subspace of X varies with W. To address such issue, we in this paper propose a novel variable-dependent partial dimension reduction framework and adapt classical sufficient dimension reduction methods into this general paradigm. The asymptotic consistency of our method is investigated. Extensive numerical studies and real data analysis show that our variable-dependent partial dimension reduction method has superior performance compared to the existing methods

Stabilisation by delay feedback control for highly nonlinear hybrid stochastic differential equations

Given an unstable hybrid stochastic differential equation (SDE, also known as an SDE with Markovian switching), can we design a delay feed- back control to make the controlled hybrid SDE become asymptotically stable? The paper [14] by Mao et al. was the first to study the stabilisation by de- lay feedback controls for hybrid SDEs, though the stabilization by non-delay feedback controls had been well studied. A critical condition imposed in [14] is that both drift and diffusion coefficients of the given hybrid SDE need to satisfy the linear growth condition. However, many hybrid SDE models in the real world do not fulfill this condition (namely, they are highly nonlinear) and hence there is a need to develop a new theory for these highly nonlinear SDE models. The aim of this paper is to design delay feedback controls in order to stabilise a class of highly nonlinear hybrid SDEs whose coefficients satisfy the polynomial growth condition

Spectral characterizations of sandglass graphs

a b s t r a c t The sandglass graph is obtained by appending a triangle to each pendant vertex of a path. It is proved that sandglass graphs are determined by their adjacency spectra as well as their Laplacian spectra

Stabilization of nonlinear hybrid stochastic delay systems by feedback control based on discrete-time state and mode observations

This paper is concerned with the stabilization problem for nonlinear stochastic delay systems with Markovian switching by feedback control based on discrete-time state and mode observations. By constructing an efficient Lyapunov functionals, we establish the sufficient stabilization criteria not only in the sense of exponential stability (both the mean-square stability and the almost sure stability) but also in other sense – that of H∞ stability and asymptotic stability. Meanwhile, the upper bound on the duration τ between two consecutive state and mode observations is obtained. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results