3,402 research outputs found
On the structure of Accretion Disks with Outflows
In order to study the outflows from accretion disks, we solve the set of
hydrodynamic equations for accretion disks in the spherical coordinates
() to obtain the explicit structure along the direction.
Using self-similar assumptions in the radial direction, we change the equations
to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) about the
-coordinate, which are then solved with symmetrical boundary conditions
in the equatorial plane, and the velocity field is obtained. The
viscosity prescription is applied and an advective factor is used to
simplify the energy equation.The results display thinner, quasi-Keplerian disks
for Shakura-Sunyaev Disks (SSDs) and thicker, sub-Keplerian disks for Advection
Dominated Accretion Flows (ADAFs) and slim disks, which are consistent with
previous popular analytical models. However, an inflow region and an outflow
region always exist, except when the viscosity parameter is too large,
which supports the results of some recent numerical simulation works. Our
results indicate that the outflows should be common in various accretion disks
and may be stronger in slim disks, where both advection and radiation pressure
are dominant. We also present the structure dependence on the input parameters
and discuss their physical meanings. The caveats of this work and possible
improvements in the future are discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
Instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter Equation and Its Exact Solution
We present an approach to solve a Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation exactly
without any approximation if the kernel of the BS equation exactly is
instantaneous, and take positronium as an example to illustrate the general
features of the solutions. As a middle stage, a set of coupled and
self-consistent integration equations for a few scalar functions can be
equivalently derived from the BS equation always, which are solvable
accurately. For positronium, precise corrections to those of the Schr\"odinger
equation in order (relative velocity) in eigenfunctions, in order in
eigenvalues, and the possible mixing, such as that between () and
() components in () states as well, are
determined quantitatively. Moreover, we also point out that there is a
problematic step in the classical derivation which was proposed first by E.E.
Salpeter. Finally, we emphasize that for the effective theories (such as NRQED
and NRQCD etc) we should pay great attention on the corrections indicated by
the exact solutions.Comment: 4 pages, replace for shortening the manuscrip
Development and construction of China
Libraries in China's higher education institutions have been developing in keeping pace with the flourishing development of China's higher education. This article aims to make an introduction to the construction of China's higher education libraries, especially the recent three decades' achievements since China's reform and opening-up in 1978. In this article, the authors draw a general picture of the development of libraries in China's higher education institutions, covering such eight aspects as management, types and positioning, organizational structure and personnel, expenditure and buildings, reader service, building and sharing of resources as well as automation system.</p
- …