Variation of soil organic carbon and its major constraints in East Central Asia

Variation of soil organic carbon and its major constraints in East Central Asi

Method of identifying and treating invasive carcinomas (DIV.A)

Prostasin protein has been found to be a useful marker for determination of the invasiveness of and as a means to treat human carcinomas. Using RT-PCR and western blot analyses, prostasin protein and mRNA expression were found in normal human prostate epithelial cells and the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, but not in the highly invasive human prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 and PC-3. Imunohistochemistry studies of human prostate cancer specimens revealed a down-regulation of prostasin in high-grade tumors. Using RT-PCR and western blot analyses, prostasin protein and mRNA expression were found in a non-invasive human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, while invasive human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435s were found not to express either the prostasin protein or the mRNA. A non-invasive human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-453, was shown to express prostasin mRNA but not prostasin protein. Transfection of DU-145 and PC-3 cells with a full-length human prostas

Long-term effects of biochar amendment on rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities in a karst region, southwest China

Biochar (BC) addition is widely used in agriculture to condition soils. However, the effects of BC addition on soil microbial community diversity and composition in karstic regions are unclear, especially after long-term application. To address this knowledge-gap, a field experiment was established to examine changes in soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities following six years of BC amendment. BC was applied to calcareous soils in a karstic region of southwestern China at four levels (w/w): 0%, 1.0%, 5.0%, and 10%. Bacterial community composition was then investigated in both the rhizosphere and bulk soils by 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq Platform. BC addition increased soil pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total hydrogen (TH) contents in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. In addition, BC amendment was associated with changes in soil bacterial community compositions and diversities, especially at higher BC application levels. The relative abundances of Gemmatimonadetes increased in rhizosphere soils with increasing BC amendment, while those of the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria decreased. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi increased in bulk soils with increasing BC application levels, while those of the Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia decreased. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that bacterial community composition was related to soil characteristics including pH, TC, TN, and TH contents in both rhizosphere and bulk soils. Importantly, variations in these soil parameters were closely associated with BC application rates. These results indicate that long-term BC application significantly impacts soil bacterial community characteristics in karstic regions via modulation of soil physiochemical properties

The Annual Characteristics of Rainwater HCHO in Guiyang City, Southwest of China

HCHO is ubiquitous and important chemical constitutes in the troposphere. The concentrations of the HCHO (aq) in the rainwater were measured in the Guiyang city, southeastern of China from May 2006 to April 2007 and 153 discrete samples were collected. Rainwater (N - 151) HCHO (aq) concentrations ranged from lower than method detection limit (MDL) to 40.2 mu mol/L with a volume weighted mean value of 7.4 +/- 8.8 mu mol/L. The strong correlations between HCHO (aq) and HCOO- (r = 0.69, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and nss-SO42- (r = 0.74, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and NO3- (r = 0.67, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and NH4+ (r = 0.74, n = 133) suggest the significant influence of the anthropogenic input for the HCHO (aq) levels. The concentration levels of rainwater HCHO (aq) was inversely proportional to the amount of rainfall, indicating the below-cloud process is the most important mechanism for rainwater HCHO (aq) scavenging processes. More than 70% of the HCHO (aq) wet deposition took place during the early stage of the rainfall. According to the air mass back-trajectory analysis, the rainwater with industrial back-trajectories coming from the north had the highest levels of HCHO (aq) while the rainwater with the green-covered or marine back-trajectories from the southeast had the lowest concentrations, and this indicate the HCHO (aq) originated from urban or industrial regions served as an important source of the rainwater. The annual HCHO (aq) wet deposition flux was calculated as 6.96 mmol/m(2) per year and the total deposition flux was estimated as 24.35 mmol/m(2) per year, 71.4% of which was dominated by dry deposition.HCHO is ubiquitous and important chemical constitutes in the troposphere. The concentrations of the HCHO (aq) in the rainwater were measured in the Guiyang city, southeastern of China from May 2006 to April 2007 and 153 discrete samples were collected. Rainwater (N - 151) HCHO (aq) concentrations ranged from lower than method detection limit (MDL) to 40.2 mu mol/L with a volume weighted mean value of 7.4 +/- 8.8 mu mol/L. The strong correlations between HCHO (aq) and HCOO(-) (r = 0.69, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and nss-SO(4)(2-) (r = 0.74, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and NO(3)(-) (r = 0.67, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and NH(4)(+) (r = 0.74, n = 133) suggest the significant influence of the anthropogenic input for the HCHO (aq) levels. The concentration levels of rainwater HCHO (aq) was inversely proportional to the amount of rainfall, indicating the below-cloud process is the most important mechanism for rainwater HCHO (aq) scavenging processes. More than 70% of the HCHO (aq) wet deposition took place during the early stage of the rainfall. According to the air mass back-trajectory analysis, the rainwater with industrial back-trajectories coming from the north had the highest levels of HCHO (aq) while the rainwater with the green-covered or marine back-trajectories from the southeast had the lowest concentrations, and this indicate the HCHO (aq) originated from urban or industrial regions served as an important source of the rainwater. The annual HCHO (aq) wet deposition flux was calculated as 6.96 mmol/m(2) per year and the total deposition flux was estimated as 24.35 mmol/m(2) per year, 71.4% of which was dominated by dry deposition

Does Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of HCHO Opens a Pathway to Formic Acids in Atmosphere?

Formic acid is the major contributor to acid rain in some regions but its sources are not fully understood We investigated the aqueous phase reactions of HCHO (aq) and OH radicals at enlarged rainwater pH values (2 49-5 89) in Guiyang China from May 2006 to April 2007 Our results show that there were no significant correlation between the [HCOOH](t)/[HCHO] (aq) and the rainwater pH The ratio did not appear to vary consist ently as a function of rainwater pH as predicted by theoretical model In addition we saw no clear evidence that oxidation of HCHO (aq) would produce significant HCOOH (aq) which indicates this reaction may be only a minor contribution to the budget of HCOOH (g) in atmosphere Further investigation is strongly suggested to be carried out in field cloud water fog water or rainwater because the ratios would be diverged from equilibrium value as a result of other chemical or physical processesFormic acid is the major contributor to acid rain in some regions but its sources are not fully understood We investigated the aqueous phase reactions of HCHO (aq) and OH radicals at enlarged rainwater pH values (2 49-5 89) in Guiyang China from May 2006 to April 2007 Our results show that there were no significant correlation between the [HCOOH](t)/[HCHO] (aq) and the rainwater pH The ratio did not appear to vary consist ently as a function of rainwater pH as predicted by theoretical model In addition we saw no clear evidence that oxidation of HCHO (aq) would produce significant HCOOH (aq) which indicates this reaction may be only a minor contribution to the budget of HCOOH (g) in atmosphere Further investigation is strongly suggested to be carried out in field cloud water fog water or rainwater because the ratios would be diverged from equilibrium value as a result of other chemical or physical processe

Method of identifying and treating invasive carcinomas (DIV.B)

Prostasin protein has been found to be a useful marker for determination of the invasiveness of and as a means to treat human carcinomas. Using RT-PCR and western blot analyses, prostasin protein and mRNA expression were found in normal human prostate epithelial cells and the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, but not in the highly invasive human prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 and PC-3. Imunohistochemistry studies of human prostate cancer specimens revealed a down-regulation of prostasin in high-grade tumors. Using RT-PCR and western blot analyses, prostasin protein and mRNA expression were found in a non-invasive human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, while invasive human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435s were found not to express either the prostasin protein or the mRNA. A non-invasive human breast cancer cell line. MDA-MB-453, was shown to express prostasin mRNA but not prostasin protein. Transfection of DU-145 and PC-3 cells with a full-length human prostas