DNA damage response pathway activity is enhanced in PP6c-deficient oocytes after zeocin treatment.

<p>(A) Western blots showing up-regulated CHK1/2-p53 pathway activity in zeocin-treated <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> oocytes. Level of β-actin was used as internal controls. Molecular mass is given in kilodaltons. GV oocytes were isolated from ovaries of PD35 mice and treated with zeocin <i>in vitro</i>. For each lane, 200 GV oocytes were used. For each experiment, at least 5 mice of each genotype were used. (B) Western blots showing up-regulated CHK2-p53 pathway activity in zeocin-treated <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> ovaries. Level of β-actin was used as internal controls. Molecular mass is given in kilodaltons. Ovary lysates were prepared from ovaries of PD35 mice after zeocin treatment <i>in vivo</i>. For each lane, 30 μg proteins were loaded. For each experiment, at least 3 mice of each genotype were used.</p

PP6c-deficient oocytes are susceptible to induced DNA damage.

<p>(A) Morphology of ovaries from <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i> and <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> mice treated with zeocin or vehicle. At least 3 mice of each genotype were used for analysis, and representative images are shown. (B) Numbers of follicles including activated follicles and primordial follicles in ovaries from 2-month-old <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i> and <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> mice treated with zeocin or vehicle. For each group, at least 3 mice were used for analysis. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. **P< 0.01. (C) Histology of ovaries from 2-month-old <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i> and <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> mice after zeocin treatment. For each group, at least 3 mice were used for analysis. White arrows show healthy growing follicles, white arrowheads show healthy primordial follicles; yellow arrows show atretic growing follicles, yellow arrowheads show atretic primordial follicles. Bar = 50 μm.</p

<i>Ppp6c</i> deletion results in POF independent of AKT/mTOR but partially dependent on LKB1/AMPK pathway activity.

<p>(A-B) Western blots showing up-regulated AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling in <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> oocytes. Each sample (200 GV oocytes) was collected from PD35 ovaries and immunoblotted for p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-S6K, p-rpS6, p-AMPK and β-actin. For each experiment, at least 5 mice of each genotype were used. Molecular mass is given in kilodaltons. (C-E) Histology of ovarian sections from 2-month-old <i>Lkb1</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i>, <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> and <i>Lkb1</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> females stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Magnified images of rectangular areas marked with a solid line are shown in H&E staining and TUNEL immunofluorescence staining. Yellow arrowheads point to atretic follicles. Green: TUNEL positive signal; Blue: DAPI. At least 3 mice of each genotype were used for analysis, and representative images are shown. Bar = 500 μm.</p

<i>Ppp6c</i> deletion results in increased level of γH2AX and abolished DNA damage response pathway in oocytes.

<p>(A) Western blots showing up-regulated level of γH2AX and down-regulated CHK1/2-p53 pathway. Level of GAPDH was used as internal controls. Molecular mass is given in kilodaltons. Oocytes were isolated from ovaries of PD35 mice and used for western blot. For each lane, 200 GV oocytes were used. For each experiment, at least 5 mice of each genotype were used. (B) Immunofluorescent staining of 2-month-old ovarian sections showing increased γH2AX in <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> oocytes. Green: γH2AX; Red: MVH; Blue, DAPI. White arrows point to nucleus of control oocytes; yellow arrows point to nucleus of mutant oocytes. Bar = 20 μm. At least 3 mice of each genotype were used for analysis, and representative images are shown. (C) Decreased incidence of GVBD and PBE of <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> oocytes. PD35 GV oocytes were isolated and matured <i>in vitro</i>, oocytes that resumed meiosis I (GVBD) and extruded the first polar body (PBE) were counted at 4 h and 13 h, respectively. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01. Representative images of immunostaining for DNA (red) and α-tubulin (green) showing abnormal spindle assembly and aberrant chromosome alignment in <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> oocytes at 8 h and 13 h, respectively. Bar = 10 μm. <i>In vitro</i> maturation experiments were repeated at least three times.</p

Premature ovarian failure in <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> mice.

<p>(A-L) Histology of ovarian sections from <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i> and <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> females of 2 months, 3 months, 4 months and 6 months-of-age, respectively, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. White arrowheads in C point to primordial follicles; yellow arrows in F show activated follicles; yellow arrowheads in I and L indicate atretic follicles. Panels C’, F’, I’ and L’ are magnified images of rectangular areas marked with a solid line in panels C, F, I and L, respectively. Bars: 100 μm in C, F, I and L; 50 μm in C’, F’, I’ and L’; 500 μm in the others. For each time point, at least 3 mice of each genotype were used for analysis, and representative images are shown. (M-N) Numbers of primordial follicles (M) and activated follicles (N) in ovaries of 1-month (1 mo), 2-month (2 mo), 3-month (3 mo), 4-month (4 mo) and 6-month (6 mo)-old <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i> and <i>Ppp6c</i>^<i>F/F</i><i>;GCre+</i> females. For each time point, at least 3 mice of each genotype were used for analysis. Data are shown as mean ± SEM.*P< 0.05; **P< 0.01.</p

CD157 Confers Host Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis via TLR2-CD157-PKCzeta-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production

Recruitment of monocytes to the infection site is critical for host resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CD157 has a crucial role in neutrophil and monocyte transendothelial migration and adhesion, but its role in tuberculosis (TB) is unclear. Here, we show that both mRNA and protein levels of Cd157 are significantly increased during M. tuberculosis infection. Deficiency of Cd157 impaired host response to M. tuberculosis infection by increasing bacterial burden and inflammation in the lung in the murine TB model. In vitro experiments show that the bactericidal ability was compromised in Cd157 knockout (KO) macrophages, which was due to impaired M. tuberculosis-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We further reveal that CD157 interacts with TLR2 and PKCzeta and facilitates M. tuberculosis-induced ROS production in Cd157 KO macrophages, which resulted in enhanced M. tuberculosis killing. For the clinic aspect, we observe that the expression of CD157 decreases after effective anti-TB chemotherapy. CD157 is specifically increased in pleural fluid in tuberculous pleurisy patients compared to pneumonia and lung cancer patients. Interestingly, the levels of soluble CD157 (sCD157) correlate with human peripheral monocyte-derived macrophage bactericidal activity. Exogenous application of sCD157 could compensate for macrophage bactericidal ability and restore ROS production. In conclusion, we have identified a novel protective immune function of CD157 during M. tuberculosis infection via TLR2-dependent ROS production. Application of sCD157 might be an effective strategy for host-directed therapy against TB in those with insufficient CD157 production