Der seltene Nierentumor

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration (Semester Unknown) IPRO 349

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration (Semester Unknown) IPRO 349: Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration IPRO 349 Project Plan Sp08

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration (Semester Unknown) IPRO 349: Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration IPRO 349 Poster2 Sp08

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration (Semester Unknown) IPRO 349: Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration IPRO 349 Brochure Sp08

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration (Semester Unknown) IPRO 349: Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration IPRO 349 Final Report Sp08

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration (Semester Unknown) IPRO 349: Solid Fuel from Biomass for Cogeneration IPRO 349 Ethics Sp08

Renewable energy is one of the most important and widely researched topics today. It is classically defined as any form of energy coming from any naturally replenish-able source. This may include everything from solar to wind power, as well as biomass or biofuels. When considering biomass, or any (living or recently-dead) biological material, the chemical energy of the molecules is generally collected through combustion. The area of liquid fuels from biomass has especially gained much notoriety and support in recent years. This is due to the lower emissions and clean-burning nature of these fuels when compared to more traditional approaches, as well as the obvious renewable nature of the starting material. While vegetable oils or animal fats can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels, corn, switchgrass, or other grains are more widely used to produce ethanol for use in common combustion engines. Today’s E85 fuel is sold to customers with a chemical makeup of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. The use of solid biomass as a direct supplier of energy, however, is an area still left relatively unexplored in this growing field. In theory, and as preliminary research suggests, harvesting energy directly from solid biomass may be considerably more efficient than gathering it from its processed liquid counterpart. In fact, some studies suggest that the energy acquired from burning ethanol is up to 67% lower than is contained in the plant cellulose from which it is derived.[1] There are, however, several other factors besides energy projections to consider when looking at the economic and market viability of such an approach. For example, one of the main advantages of liquid fuels over solid is the ease of transportation and storage. Additionally, the feasibility of developing a whole new process of biomass collection and processing must be balanced with economic and logistical constraints. This includes not only careful analysis of energy and cost balances, but also in-depth examination of all equipment, manpower and environmental limitations. IPRO 349 was established to examine these (and many more) considerations in the viability of sold fuel from biomass. Specifically, we have narrowed the scope of our research to biomass derived from corn stover (leaves and stalk left in the ground after harvesting) within the state of Illinois. Illinois was chosen because it is currently the largest producer of corn in the nation.[2] Corn stover has been shown to have an energy content of 5,290 Btu/lb. wet, and 7,560 Btu/lb. dry.[2]With such an approach, it may be possible to utilize what would otherwise be considered “waste” to produce useable, renewable energy. For the purposes of this project, cogeneration, or the simultaneous generation of both electricity and useful heat will be examined.Deliverable

Pre-transplant infusion of donor leukocytes treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy induces immune hypo-responsiveness and long-term allograft survival in murine models

Recipients of solid organ transplantation (SOT) rely on life-long immunosuppression (IS), which is associated with significant side effects. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a safe, existing cellular therapy used to treat transplant rejection by modulating the recipient's own blood cells. We sought to induce donor-specific hypo-responsiveness of SOT recipients by infusing ECP-treated donor leukocytes prior to transplant. To this end, we utilized major histocompatibility complex mismatched rodent models of allogeneic cardiac, liver, and kidney transplantation to test this novel strategy. Leukocytes isolated from donor-matched spleens for ECP treatment (ECP-DL) were infused into transplant recipients seven days prior to SOT. Pre-transplant infusion of ECP-DL without additional IS was associated with prolonged graft survival in all models. This innovative approach promoted the production of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T-cells with subsequent inhibition of T-cell priming and differentiation, along with a significant reduction of donor-specific T-cells in the spleen and grafts of treated animals. This new application of donor-type ECP-treated leukocytes provides insight into the mechanisms behind ECP-induced immunoregulation and holds significant promise in the prevention of graft rejection and reduction in need of global immune suppressive therapy in patients following SOT